Process-Induced Food Toxicants: Occurrence, Formation, Mitigation, and Health Risks

List of contributors.

PART I: Specific Toxicants Related to Processing Technology.

1 Introduction to Food Process Toxicants (David R. Lineback and Richard H. Stadler).

1.1 History and Role of Food Processing.

1.2 General Approaches to Food Processing.

1.3 Concerns about Food Safety during Food Processing.

1.4 Food-Borne Processing Toxicants: Setting Priorities.

1.5 Issues of Process Toxicants Present in Small Amounts in Foods.

1.6 Outlook.

2 Thermal Treatment.

2.1 Acrylamide (Craig Mills, Donald S. Mottram, and Bronislaw L. Wedzicha).

2.2 Acrolein (Takayuki Shibamoto).

2.3 Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines (Robert J. Turesky).

2.4 Hazards of Dietary Furan (P. Michael Bolger, Shirley S-H. Tao, and Michael Dinovi).

2.5 Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and R elated Compounds (Francisco J. Morales).

2.6 Chloropropanols and Chloroesters (Colin G. Hamlet and Peter A. Sadd).

2.7 Maillard Reaction of Proteins and Advanced Glycation End Products (AGE s) in Food (Thomas Henle).

2.8 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (Jong-Heum Park and Trevor M. Penning).

3 Fermentation.

3.1 Ethyl Carbamate (Urethane) (Colin G. Hamlet).

3.2 Biogenic Amines (Livia Simon Sarkadi).

4 Preservation.

4.1 N-Nitrosamines, Including N-Nitrosoaminoacids and Potential Further Nonvolatiles (Michael Habermeyer and Gerhard Eisenbrand).

4.2 Food Irradiation (Eileen M. Stewart).

4.3 Benzene (Adam Becalski and Patricia Nyman).

5 High Hydrostatic Pressure (Alexander Mathys and Dietrich Knorr).

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 HPP.

5.3 Chemical and Matrix Effects.

5.4 Microbial Effects.

5.5 Allergenic Potential.

5.6 Conclusion.

Annex.

References.

6 Alkali and/or Acid Treatment.

6.1 The Dietary Significance of Processing-Induced Lysinoalanine in Food (Mendel Friedman).

6.2 Dietary Significance of Processing-Induced D-Amino Acids (Mendel Friedman).

6.3 Chloropropanols (Jan Velíšek).

PART II: General Considerations.

7 Application of HACCP for the Management of Processing Contaminants (Yasmine Motarjemi, Richard H. Stadler, Alfred Studer, and Valeria Damiano).

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Processing Contaminants: Risks and Control Measures.

7.3 HACCP: the Backbone of Food Safety Assurance.

7.4 Application of HACCP to Processing Contaminants.

7.5 A Case Study on the Application of the HACCP Approach for the Management of Processing Contaminants: Extruded Cereal Snack.

7.6 Conclusions.

Acknowledgment.

References.

8 Emerging Food Technologies (Fanbin Kong and R. Paul Singh).

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Pulsed Electric Fields.

8.3 Pulsed UV Light.

8.4 Ultrasound.

8.5 Microwave and Radio-Frequency Processing.

8.6 Ohmic Heating.

8.7 Infrared Heating.

References.

9 Food Processing and Nutritional Aspects (Josef Burri, Constantin Bertoli, and Richard H. Stadler).

9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Food Processing and Major Benefits.

9.3 Conclusions and Future Research Needs.

References.

10 Risk Communication (David Schmidt and Danielle Schor).

10.1 Introduction.

10.2 Attitudes about Food-Related Risks.

10.3 Ranking Risks: Placing Risks in Context.

10.4 Effective Communication Techniques: Examples.

10.5 Challenges and Barriers.

10.6 Future Prospects.

References.

11 Risk/Risk and R isk/Benefit Considerations (Leif Busk).

11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Mitigation and Potential Risk of Other Possible Food Safety-Related Issues.

11.3 Research Needs.

11.4 Challenges and Future Prospects.

References.

Index.