Advanced Internet Protocols, Services, and Applications

Acknowledgments xv

About the Authors xvii

1 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Overview 1

1.1 Fundamental Architecture / 1

1.2 Internet Protocol Basics / 4

1.3 Routing / 13

2 Transport-Layer Protocols 19

2.1 Transmission Control Protocol / 19

2.2 User Datagram Protocol / 25

2.3 Stream Control Transmission Protocol / 26

2.4 Real-Time Transport Protocol / 29

3 Internet Architecture 31

3.1 Internet Exchange Point / 31

3.2 History of Internet Exchange Points / 33

3.3 Internet Service Provider Interconnection Relationships / 34

3.4 Peering and Transit / 35

4 IP Routing Protocols 39

4.1 Overview of Routing Protocols / 40

4.2 Routing Information Protocol / 43

4.3 Open Shortest Path First / 48

4.4 Border Gateway Protocol / 53

5 Multiprotocol Label Switching 59

5.1 Overview / 59

5.2 Functions and Mechanisms / 63

5.3 Applicabilities / 67

6 IP Quality Of Service 75

6.1 Introduction / 75

6.2 Quality of Service in IP Version 4 / 75

6.3 Integrated Services / 77

6.4 Differentiated Services / 81

6.5 Quality Of Service with Nested Differentiated Services Levels / 82

7 IP Multicast and Anycast 93

7.1 Addressing / 93

7.2 Multicast Routing / 96

7.3 Routing Protocols / 97

7.4 Anycasting / 102

7.5 IPv6 Anycast Routing Protocol: Protocol-Independent Anycast—Sparse Mode / 105

8 Layer-2 Transport over Packet 109

8.1 Draft-Martini Signaling and Encapsulation / 109

8.2 Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol / 114

9 Virtual Private Wired Service 123

9.1 Types of Private Wire Services / 123

9.2 Generic Routing Encapsulation / 130

9.3 Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol / 131

9.4 Layer-3 Virtual Private Network 2547bis, Virtual Router / 131

10 IP and Optical Networking 137

10.1 IP/Optical Network Evolution / 138

10.2 Challenges in Legacy Traditional IP/Optical Networks / 140

10.3 Automated Provisioning in IP/Optical Networks / 142

10.4 Control Plane Models for IP/Optical Networking / 144

10.5 Next-Generation MultiLayer Network Design Requirements / 147

10.6 Benefits and Challenges in IP/Optical Networking / 148

11 IP Version 6 151

11.1 Addresses in IP Version 6 / 152

11.2 IP Packet Headers / 154

11.3 IP Address Resolution / 155

11.4 IP Version 6 Deployment: Drivers and Impediments / 156

12 IP Traffic Engineering 163

12.1 Models of Traffic Demands / 163

12.2 Optimal Routing with Multiprotocol Label Switching / 165

12.3 Link-Weight Optimization with Open Shortest Path First / 169

12.4 Extended Shortest-Path-Based Routing Schemes / 173

13 IP Network Security 181

13.1 Introduction / 181

13.2 Detection of Denial-of-Service Attack / 182

13.3 IP Traceback / 187

13.4 Edge Sampling Scheme / 189

13.5 Advanced Marking Scheme / 193

14 Mobility Support for IP 197

14.1 Mobility Management Approaches / 199

14.2 Security Threats Related to IP Mobility / 205

14.3 Mobility Support in IPv6 / 213

14.4 Reactive Versus Proactive Mobility Support / 218

14.5 Relation to Multihoming / 219

14.6 Protocols Supplementing Mobility / 220

References / 231

Index 235