Views of Evolution
James F Crow

Evolution: Selectionist View
Andreas Wagner

Evolution: Neutralist View
Andreas Wagner

The Neo-selectionist Theory of Genome Evolution
Giorgio Bernardi

Fitness and Selection
Brian Charlesworth

Genetic Drift in Human Populations
Andrew J Bohonak

Heterozygosity
Wen-Hsiung Li

Effective Population Size
Michael C Whitlock

Population Differentiation: Measures
Stefano Mona
Giorgio Bertorelle

Evolutionary Distance
Wen-Hsiung Li

Gene Trees and Species Trees
Wen-Hsiung Li

Homologous, Orthologous and Paralogous Genes
Wen-Hsiung Li

Evolution: Convergent and Parallel Evolution
Caro-Beth Stewart

Mutation, Adaptation and Natural Selection

Genetic Variation: Polymorphisms and Mutations
Alan F Wright

Polymorphisms: Origins and Maintenance
Kenneth M Weiss

Molecular Evolution: Introduction
David Penny

Molecular Evolution: Overview
Jan Klein

Molecular Evolution: Genetics of Adaptation
Michael Travisano

Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution
Naoyuki Takahata

Molecular Evolution: Nearly Neutral Theory
Tomoko Ohta

Molecular Evolution: Rates
Lindell Bromham

Molecular Evolution: Patterns and Rates
Lindell Bromham

Nucleotide Substitution: Rate of
Wen-Hsiung Li

Synonymous and Nonsynonymous Rates
Soojin Yi

Mutational Change in Evolution
Dan Graur

Mutations and New Variation: Overview
Mark O Johnston

Single-base Mutation
Dan Graur

Mutation Rate
Bertram Müller-Myhsok

Mutation Rates: Evolution
David Metzgar

Spectrum of Mutations in the Human Genome Inferred by Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Zhao Zhongming

Mutational Biases
Lev Y Yampolsky
Arlin Stoltzfus

Mutations: Dating
Roberto Colombo

Diffusion Theory
Gil McVean

Molecular Clocks in Mammals
Wen-Hsiung Li
Kateryna D Makova

Molecular Clocks
Andrew Peter Martin

Purifying Selection: Action on Silent Sites
R Nielsen
H Akashi

Selection against Amino Acid Replacements in Human Proteins
Sankar Subramanian

Identifying Regions of the Human Genome that Exhibit Evidence for Positive Selection
Ryosuke Kimura
Jun Ohashi

Positive Selection on Genes in Humans as Compared to Chimpanzees
Margaret A Bakewell
Jianzhi Zhang

Selection Operating on Protein-coding Genes in the Human Genome
Diogo Meyer
Eugene E Harris

Selective and Structural Constraints
Austin L Hughes

Substitution Matrices
Stephen F Altschul

Fixation Probabilities and Times
Sarah P Otto
Michael C Whitlock

Genetic Code: Evolution
Edward N Trifonov

Codon Usage in Molecular Evolution
Richard L Grantham

Linkage Disequilibrium
Peter JP Croucher

Recombination and Human Genetic Diversity
Chris CA Spencer

Comparison of Rates and Patterns of Meiotic Recombination between Human and Chimpanzees
Jan Freudenberg

Rapid Evolution of Genes on the Human X-chromosome
Erika M Kvikstad
Kateryna D Makova

Evolutionary and Population Genetics

Gene Flow, Haplotype Patterns and Modern Human Origins
Alan R Templeton

HapMap Project
Bryan J Traynor
Andrew Singleton

Migration
Guido Barbujani

Nonrandom Mating
Dennis H O'Neil

Human Population Stratification and its Assessment by Microarray Genotyping
Marc Bauchet

Sequence Alignment
Julie D Thompson
Olivier Poch

Sequence Similarity
Jaap Heringa

Phylogenetics
Wen-Hsiung Li

Phylogenetic Footprinting
Wyeth W Wasserman
Wynand Alkema

Molecular Phylogeny Reconstruction
Sudhir Kumar
Alan Filipski

Evolutionary Distance: Estimation
Masatoshi Nei
Jianzhi Zhang

Coalescent Theory
Simon Tavaré

Stationary Allele Frequency Distributions
Bruce Rannala

Developmental Evolution
Susan Lindsay

Morphological Diversity: Evolution
Graham Budd

Male-driven Evolution
Hans Ellegren

Coevolution: Molecular
Ronald M Adkins

Concerted Evolution
Daiqing Liao

Sociobiology, Evolutionary Psychology and Genetics
Patrick Bateson

Are Humans Still Evolving?
Floyd A Reed

Human Evolution

Hominids: Molecular Phylogenetics
Ulfur Arnason
Morgan Kullberg

Human Evolution: Overview
Bernard A Wood

Molecular Clocks: Determining the Age of the Human–Chimpanzee Divergence
Michael I Jensen-Seaman
Kathryn A Hooper-Boyd

On the Number of Ancestral Human Species
Darren Curnoe

Human Evolution: Early Radiations
Bernard A Wood

Human Evolution: Radiations in the Last 300000 Years
Osbjorn M Pearson

Modern Humans: Origin and Evolution
Todd R Disotell

Modern Human Origins: The `Out of Africa' Debate
John H Relethford

Origin of Modern Humans: Interpreting the Molecular Evidence
Henry C Harpending

Human Populations: Evolution
Rebecca L Cann

Human Populations: Origins and Evolution
Rosalind M Harding
John H Relethford

Humans: Demographic History
Henry Harpending

DNA Markers and Human Evolution
Rebecca L Cann

Reconstructing Human History Using Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial Markers
Bryndis Yngvadottir
Denise R Carvalho-Silva

Population History and Linkage Disequilibrium
Sebastian Zöllner

Human Population Genetics: Drift and Migration
Ranajit Chakraborty

Human Genetics and Languages
David Comas
Elena Bosch
Francesc Calafell

Surnames and Genetics
Mark A Jobling

Population History of Europe: Genetics
Guido Barbujani

Genetic Diversity in Africa
Alicia Sanchez-Mazas
Estella S. Poloni

Genetic Diversity in the German Population
Michael Krawczak
Timothy T Lu
Sascha Willuweit
Lutz Roewer

Genetics and the History of the Basque People
Santos Alonso

Genetics and the Origins of the British Population
Martin Richards
Cristian Capelli
James F Wilson

Genetics and the Origins of the Chinese
Qing-Peng Kong
Hui Pan
Ya-Ping Zhang

Genetics and the Origins of the Finns
Reijo Norio

Genetics and the Origins of the Irish
Brian McEvoy
Daniel G Bradley

Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians
Geoffrey K Chambers

Origins of the Australian and New Guinean Aborigines
Sheila M van Holst Pellekaan

Origins of the Austro-Asiatic Populations
B Mohan Reddy
Vikrant Kumar

Peopling of India: Insights from Genetics
Partha P Majumder

Population Genetics of the Ashkenazim
Marina Faerman

Roma (Gypsies): Genetic Studies
Bharti Morar
Luba Kalaydjieva

The Peopling of the Americas as Revealed by Molecular Genetic Studies
Theodore G Schurr

Primates and the Origin of Culture
WC McGrew

Human Genome Evolution

Evolution of Genome Organization
Wolfgang Stephan

Genome Organization of Vertebrates
Giorgio Bernardi

Evolutionary History of the Human Genome
Giorgio Bernardi

Sequencing the Human Genome: Novel Insights into its Structure and Function
Hildegard Kehrer-Sawatzki
David N Cooper

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Anthony J Brookes

Human Genetic Diversity
Lynn B Jorde

Human and Chimpanzee Nucleotide Diversity
Henrik Kaessmann

Divergence between the Human and Chimpanzee Genomes and its Impact on Protein and Transcriptome Evolution
Hildegard Kehrer-Sawatzki
David N Cooper

Indels in the Evolution of the Human and Chimpanzee Genomes
Anna Wetterbom
Lucia Cavelier
Tomas F Bergström

Inferring the Process of Human–Chimpanzee Speciation
K Ryo Takahasi
Hideki Innan

Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP)
Morris W Foster

Blocks of Limited Haplotype Diversity
Newton E Morton

Gene Conversion during Primate Evolution
Yoko Satta

Biased Gene Conversion and its Impact on Human Genome Evolution
Nicolas Galtier
Laurent Duret

Repetitive DNA: Evolution
Wolfgang Stephan
J Bruce Walsh

Simple Sequence Repeats in the Human Genome: Evolution
Donald E Riley
John N Krieger

Evolution of Microsatellite DNA
Iris M Vargas Jentzsch
Andrew Bagshaw
Emmanuel Buschiazzo
Angelika Merkel
Neil J Gemmell

Evolution of Alpha Satellite DNA
Ðurðica Ugarkovic´

Comparative Genetics of Trinucleotide Repeats in the Human and Ape Genomes
Loris Mularoni

Macarena Toll-Riera

M Mar Albà

Endogenous Retroviral Sequences; their Evolutionary Contribution to the Human Genome

Jens Mayer

Human Endogenous Retroviruses; Evolutionary Dynamics, Chromosomal Location and Host Benefit
Paul Nelson
Graham Freimanis
Denise Roden

Evolutionary History and Impact of Human DNA Transposons
Cédric Feschotte

Evolution of Human Retrosequences: Alu
Astrid M Roy-Engel
Mark A Batzer
Prescott L Deininger

Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements (LINEs): Evolution
Anthony V Furano
Stéphane Boissinot

Bacterial DNA in the Human Genome
Jan O Andersson

Chromosome-specific Repeats (Low-copy Repeats)
M-C Potier
G Golfier
EE Eichler

Telomere
Christa Lese Martin
David H Ledbetter

Telomeric and Subtelomeric Repeat Sequences
Dmitri Churikov
Carolyn M Price

Subtelomeres: Evolution in the Human Genome
M Katharine Rudd

The Evolution of Centromeric DNA Sequences
Joshua J Bayes
Harmit S Malik

Segmental Duplications and Their Role in the Evolution of the Human Genome
Yali Xue
Chris Tyler-Smith

Copy Number Variation in the Human Genome
Hildegard Kehrer-Sawatzki

Gene Duplication: Evolution
Wen-Hsiung Li

Gene Families: Formation and Evolution
Tomoko Ohta

Gene Families: Multigene Families and Superfamilies
Tomoko Ohta

Gene Clustering in Eukaryotes
Jeffrey G Lawrence
Thomas Blumenthal

Clustering of Highly Expressed Genes in the Human Genome
Hinco J Gierman
Rogier Versteeg

Gene Distribution in Human Chromosomes
Giorgio Bernardi
Salvatore Saccone

Evolution of Gene Deserts in the Human Genome
James Taylor

The Impact of Gene Duplication on Human Genome Evolution
James A Cotton

Genetic Redundancy
David C Krakauer

DNA Methylation: Evolution
Aharon Razin
Ruth Shemer

Evolution of Imprinting: Imprinted Gene Function in Human Disease
Benjamin JA Dickins
Gavin Kelsey

Imprinting: Evolution
Hamish G Spencer

Epigenetic Variation in Humans
Jon F Wilkins

Dosage Compensation Mechanisms: Evolution
Ignacio Marín

Evolution of X-chromosome Inactivation
Alexander I Shevchenko
Suren M Zakian

Ultraconserved DNA Sequence Elements in the Human Genome
Alison P Lee
B Venkatesh

The Biological Significance of Conserved Non-Generic DNA
Emmanouil T Dermitzakis

Evolutionarily Conserved Noncoding DNA
Anil G Jegga
Bruce J Aronow

Human-specific Accelerated Evolution of Noncoding Sequences
Matthew T Webster

Rapidly Evolving Regions of the Human Genome
Subhash Mohan Agarwal

GC-Rich Isochores in the Interphase Nucleus
Salvatore Saccone
Giorgio Bernardi

Evolution of Human Gene Structure and Function

Gene Structure: Evolution
Tomoko Ohta

Gene Evolution and Human Adaptation
Eugene E Harris

The Evolution of Introns in Human Genes
Elodie Gazave
Olga Fernando
Arcadi Navarro

Intron Evolution in Duplicated Human Genes
Kamel Jabbari
Edda Rayko

Intron Loss and Gain
Tobias Mourier
Daniel C Jeffares

Introns: Movements
Manyuan Long
Rüdiger Cerff

Introns: Phase Compatibility
László Patthy

Evolutionarily Conserved Intronic Splicing Regulatory Elements in the Human Genome
Eric L Van Nostrand
Gene W Yeo

Evolutionary Conservation of Splice Sites
Michelle L. Hastings
Ravi Sachidanandam

Alternative Splicing: Evolution
László Patthy

Alternative Splicing in the Human Genome and its Evolutionary Consequences
Liliana Florea

Dual-coding Regions in Alternatively Spliced Human Genes
Han Liang
Laura F Landweber

Birth and Evolution of Human Exons
Maria Dulcetti Vibranovski
Noboru Jo Sakabe
Manyuan Long

Exons and Protein Modules
László Patthy

Insertion and Deletion of Exons During Human Gene Evolution
David N Cooper

Exons: Shuffling
László Patthy

Pseudoexons
Manyuan Long

Domain Duplication and Gene Elongation
Wen-Hsiung Li
Kateryna D Makova

The Contribution of Frameshift Translation to the Generation of Novel Human Proteins
Kohji Okamura
Stephen W Scherer

Transposable Element-driven Duplications during Hominoid Genome Evolution
Bud Mishra

The Contribution of Transposable Elements to Human Proteins
Jean-Nicolas Volff

Evolutionary Emergence of Genes Through Retrotransposition
Richard Cordaux
Mark A Batzer

Multigene Families: Evolution
J Bruce Walsh
Wolfgang Stephan

Paralogous Genes and Chromosomal Regions
Lars-Gustav Lundin
Dan Larhammar
Finn Hallböök

Bi-directional Gene Pairs in the Human Genome
Kanako O Koyanagi
Tadashi Imanishi
Takashi Gojobori

Gene Fusion
Esther Betrán

Protein Families: Evolution
Richard R Copley

Fibroblast Growth Factors: Evolution
David M Ornitz

Globin Genes: Evolution
Ross C Hardison

Hox Genes and Body Plan: Evolution
Ella Tour
William McGinnis

Pax Genes: Evolution and Function
Maxime Bouchard
Alexander Schleiffer
Frank Eisenhaber
Meinrad Busslinger

Low-density Lipoprotein Receptor (LDLR) Family: Genetics and Evolution
Wolfgang Johann Schneider

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Genes: Evolution
Austin L Hughes

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Genes: Polymorphism
Diogo Meyer
Steven J Mack

Vertebrate Immune System: Evolution
Austin L Hughes

Evolution of the Human Immune System
Nadia Danilova

Complement System: Evolution
Masaru Nonaka

Somatic Hypermutation of Antigen Receptor Genes: Evolution
Marilyn Diaz
Laurent K Verkoczy

Neuropeptides and their Receptors: Evolution
Charles HV Hoyle

Nuclear Receptor Genes: Evolution
Gareth I Owen

Olfactory Receptor Genes: Evolution
Yoshihito Niimura

Visual Pigment Genes: Evolution
Shozo Yokoyama

Bitter Taste Sensitivity in Humans and Chimpanzees
Maik Behrens
Wolfgang Meyerhof

Evolution of Skin Pigmentation Differences in Humans
Heather Norton

Population Genetics of Lactase Persistence and Lactose Intolerance
Catherine Janet Ellen Ingram
Dallas Mary Swallow

Defensins: Evolution
Austin L Hughes

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Sequences: Comparative Analysis
Jian-Min Chen
Guillaume Lecointre
Erick Denamur
Claude Férec

ATP-binding Cassette (ABC) Transporter Supergene Family: Genetics and Evolution
Michael Dean

Proteases: Evolution
Christopher Southan

Serpins: Evolution
Gary A Silverman
David J Askew
James A Irving
Cliff J Luke
Dion Kaiserman
Phillip I Bird
James C Whisstock

Adaptive Evolution of Primate Sperm Proteins
Nathaniel L Clark

Drug Metabolism: Evolution
Daniel W Nebert

rRNA Genes: Evolution
Iris L Gonzalez
James E Sylvester

MicroRNA Evolution in the Human Genome
Bing Su
Rui Zhang

Pseudogene Evolution in the Human Genome
Zhaolei Zhang
Deyou Zheng

Human Lineage-specific Gene Inactivation
Wendy E Grus
Jianzhi Zhang

Pseudogenes: Age
Allen R Rhoads
Felix Friedberg

Pseudogenes: Patterns of Mutation
Rosa Martínez-Arias
Francesc Calafell
Jaume Bertranpetit

Processed Pseudogenes and Their Functional Resurrection in the Human and Mouse Genomes
Hiroaki Sakai
Takeshi Itoh
Takashi Gojobori

Evolution of Gene Expression

Transcriptional Regulation: Evolution
Gregory A Wray

Promoters: Evolution
Deborah L Gumucio

Evolution of Human Gene Expression Control
Courtney C Babbitt
Gregory A Wray

Positive Selection and the Evolution of Prodynorphin
Matthew V Rockman

Human Transcriptome Evolution
Xun Gu
Yong Huang

Evolution of Gene Expression in Human and Chimpanzee Brains
Naoki Osada
Sugano Sumio
Yutaka Suzuki

Human and Chimpanzee Transcriptomes: Comparative Evolution
Philipp Khaitovich
David Cooper
Hildegard Kehrer-Sawatzki

Human and Macaque Transcriptiomes: A comparison
Stephen J Walker

Transcription Factor-binding Sites: Recent Evolution in the Human Lineage
Berthold Göttgens

Alternative Polyadenylation in the Human Genome: Evolution
Bin Tian

Mitochondrial Genome Evolution

Mitochondrial Genome: Evolution
Mark Stoneking

Mitochondrial Non-Mendelian Inheritance: Evolutionary Origin and Consequences
C William Birky Jr

Mitochondrial Genome Sequences and Their Phylogeographic Interpretation
Vincent Macaulay
Martin Richards

Mitochondrial Origins of Human Nuclear Genes and DNA Sequences
William F Martin

Chromosomal Evolution

Chromosomes in Mammals: Diversity and Evolution
Johannes Wienberg
Stefan Müller

Chromosome Numbers in Mammals
Harry Scherthan

Chromosome Rearrangement Patterns in Mammalian Evolution
Johannes Wienberg
Stefan Müller

Hotspots of Mammalian Chromosome Evolution
Lutz Froenicke
Leslie A Lyons

Chromosomal Rearrangements in Primates
Roscoe Stanyon
Francesca Bigoni

Chromosomal Rearrangements in the Human and Chimpanzee Lineages
Hildegard Kehrer-Sawatzki
David N Cooper

Human Chromosome Evolution
Gerald P Holmquist
Johannes Wienberg

Polyploid Origin of the Human Genome
Masanori Kasahara

Chromatin Structure and Human Genome Evolution
Colin AM Semple

Mammalian Sex Chromosome Evolution
Gerald J Wyckoff
Christine M Malcom

Evolution of the Mammalian X Chromosome
Paul D Waters
Terence J Robinson

Y Chromosome Evolution
Vladimir A Gvozdev

X and Y Chromosomes: Homologous Regions
Nisrine El-Moghabel
Jennifer A M Graves

Evolution of Common Fragile Sites
Anne Helmrich

Comparative Genomics

Comparative Cytogenetics
Matthew Breen
Cordelia Langford

Comparative Cytogenetics Technologies
Stefan Müller
Johannes Wienberg

Reconstruction of Ancestral Genomes
Roscoe Stanyon
Fiorella Garofalo
Francesca Bigoni

Comparative Human Genomics
I King Jordan
Eugene V Koonin

Orthologues, Paralogues and Xenologues in Human and Other Genomes
Olga Zhaxybayeva
J Peter Gogarten
Lorraine Olendzenski

Comparing the Human and Sea Urchin Genomes
R Andrew Cameron

Comparing the Human and Fish Genomes
Yoichiro Nakatani
Shinichi Morishita

Comparing the Human and Medaka Genomes
Takashi Sasaki
Nobuyoshi Shimizu

Fugu: The Pufferfish Model Genome
B Venkatesh

The Mouse Genome as a Rodent Model in Evolutionary Studies
Jessica Vamathevan
Joanna D Holbrook
Richard D Emes

The Rat Genome as a Rodent Model in Evolutionary Studies
Kim Fechtel

Comparing the Human and Canine Genomes
Marek Switonski
Izabela Szczerbal

Primate Phylogenetics
Todd R Disotell

The Sequencing of the Rhesus Macaque Genome and its Comparison with the Genome Sequences of Human and Chimpanzee
Richard A Gibbs
Kim C Worley
Hildegard Kehrer-Sawatzki
David N Cooper

The Chimpanzee Genome Project
David N Cooper
Hildegard Kehrer-Sawatzki

Comparing the Human and Chimpanzee Genomes
Monica Uddin
Derek E Wildman
Morris Goodman

Nucleotide Sequence Divergence between Humans and Chimpanzees
Feng-Chi Chen
Trees-Juen Chuang

Human-specific Changes of Genome Structure
R Alan Harris
Aleksandar Milosavljevic

Evolution and Disease Susceptibility

Evolutionary Thinking in the Medical Sciences
Stephen C Stearns

Darwinian Medicine
George C Williams

Pathological Missense Mutations Provide New Insights into the Evolution of Trypsinogen Genes
Jian-Min Chen
David N Cooper
Claude Férec

Balancing Selection in Human Evolution
Eric J Vallender
Welkin E Johnson

Selective Constraints on Human Disease Mutations and Polymorphisms
Hernán Dopazo

Genetic of Large Populations and Association Studies
Pauline Hélène Garnier-Géré
Lounès Chikhi

Genetic Disease in the Ashkenazim: Role of a Founder Effect
Inbal Kedar-Barnes
Paul Rozen
Mordechai Shohat
Hagit N Baris

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Human Disease and Evolution: Phylogenies and Genealogies
Paul D Thomas

Structural Diversity of the Human Genome and Disease Susceptibility
Richard S Smith
María Gutiérrez-Arcelus
Charles W Tran
Stephanie Park
Cheryn J Couter
Charles Lee

Segmental Duplications and Genetic Disease
Beverly S Emanuel
Tamim H Shaikh

Genetics of Susceptibility to Human Infectious Diseases
Richard A Kaslow
Sadeep Shrestha
Jianming `James' Tang

The Genetics of Malarial Resistance and Susceptibility
Brian C Verrelli

The Evolution of Fatness and Susceptibility to Obesity
Jonathan CK Wells

Thrifty Genotype Hyphothesis and Complex Genetic Disease
Pnina Varidi
Konstantin Bloch

An Evolutionary Framework for Common Disease
Francesca Luca
Anna Di Rienzo

On Sequence Variants that Influence the Risk of Common Diseases
Kári Stefánsson
Jeffrey R Gulcher

An Evolutionary Genetic Framework for Heritable Disorders
Matthew C Keller

Analysis of Ancient DNA

Ancient DNA: Recovery and Analysis
Susanne Hummel

Ancient DNA: Phylogenetic Applications
Michael Knapp
Linda Vigilant
Michael Hofreiter

Neanderthal Mitochondrial DNA
William Goodwin
Igor Ovchinnikov

Reconstructing Ancient DNA Sequences in Silico
Jian Ma