Advanced Building Technologies for Sustainability

INTRODUCTION viii

Chapter 1 SUSTAINABILITY AND ENERGY 1
Quality of Life Benefits 7
Finite Fossil Fuel Resources 8
Greenhouse Gases 10
Profits and Savings from Energy Efficiency 11
Site-to-Source Effect 12
New LEED Version 2009 13
Per Capita Energy Consumption 14
Building Energy End-Use Splits, People Use Energy 15
Carbon Footprint 17
Funding Opportunities 19

Chapter 2 RADIANT COOLING 21
History 21
Introduction 23
Why Radiant Cooling? 26
Applications 28
Radiant Cooling and Historic Preservation 39

Chapter 3 DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION 41
History 41
Introduction 42
Conventional or Mixed-Air Systems 42
Difference Between Displacement and Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) 47
Applications 48
Large Public Spaces (Cafeterias, Dining Halls, Exhibit Spaces) 48

Chapter 4 CHILLED BEAMS 61
Principle of Operation and Technology 62
Benefits of Chilled Beams 63
Types of Chilled Beams 67
Chilled Beam Applications 72
Chilled Beam Use with Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) Applications 78

Chapter 5 UNDERFLOOR AIR DISTRIBUTION (UFAD) 83
Validation of UFAD Designs with CFD Analysis 91
Impact on Buildings 95
Chapter 6 DISPLACEMENT INDUCTION UNITS (DIU) 101
Benefits of Displacement Induction Units 103
History of Induction Units 106
Applications 107

Chapter 7 HIGH-PERFORMANCE ENVELOPE 115
Engaging and Nonengaging Envelopes 116
High-Performance Envelope Definition 117
Most Common Energy Codes: ANSI and ASHRAE 90.1 118
Glazing Characteristics 123
How to Exceed the Mandatory Code Performance 128

Chapter 8 THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 145
Renewable Energy Storage 146
Conventional Air Conditioning Systems 153
Nonrenewable Energy Storage 156

Chapter 9 SOLAR ENERGY AND NET-ZERO BUILDINGS 163
Net-Zero Step 1: Harvesting Solar Energy 166
Solar Energy in Net-Zero Buildings 177
Net-Zero Step 2: Improve Energy Efficiency of the Building and Its Mechanical and Electrical Systems 181
Net-Zero Step 3: Reduce Consumption 183

Chapter 10 GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS 185
Introduction 185
Geothermal Heat Pumps 190
Types of Heat Pumps 198

Chapter 11 COGENERATION 205
Other Applications of Cogeneration 207
Cogeneration Technologies 211
Micro-Cogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (Micro-CHP) 221

Chapter 12 DATA CENTER SUSTAINABILITY 223
History of Data Centers 224
2011: Top Ten Trends in Data Centers 225
Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) 226
Technologies That Can Benefit Data Center Efficiency 230
Office Building Applications 234
Air Management in the Data Center 237

INDEX 239