Race: Are We So Different?

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xiii

1 Regarding Race 1

Part 1 Histories of Race, Difference, and Racism 7

2 Introducing Race 9

3 Creating Race 15

4 Human Mismeasure 26

5 Inventing Whiteness 44

6 Separate and Unequal 67

Part 2 Why Human Variation Is Not Racial 91

7 Introduction: Race ≠ Human Biological Variation 93

8 Skin Deep? 101

9 Sickle Cell Disease: Not for Blacks Only 111

10 The Apportionment of Variation, or … Why We Are All Africans Under the Skin 123

11 The Evolution of Variation 133

Part 3 Living with Race and Racism 145

12 Introduction: Living with Race and Racism 147

13 Race and the Census 154

14 Race and Education 174

15 Linking Race and Wealth: An American Dilemma 195

16 Race and Health Disparities 214

17 Conclusion 231

Glossary 246

Index 253