Introduction (Pier Luigi Luisi).

Part One: Nucleic Acids.

1 Searching for Nucleic Acid Alternatives (Albert Eschenmoser).

2 Never-Born RNAs: Versatile Modules for Chemical Synthetic Biology (Davide De Lucrezia, Fabrizio Anella, Cristiano Chiarabelli, and Pier Luigi Luisi).

3 Synthetic Biology, Tinkering Biology, and Artificial Biology: A Perspective from Chemistry (Steven A. Benner, Fei Chen, and Zunyi Yang).

4 Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs) as a Tool in Chemical Biology (Peter E. Nielsen).

Part Two: Peptides and Proteins.

5 High Solubility of Random-Sequence Proteins Consisting of Five Kinds of Primitive Amino Acids (Nobuhide Doi, Koichi Kakukawa, Yuko Oishi, and Hiroshi Yanagawa).

6 Experimental Approach for Early Evolution of Protein Function (Hitoshi Toyota, Yuuki Hayashi, Asao Yamauchi, Takuyo Aita, and Tetsuya Yomo).

7 Searching for de novo Totally Random Amino Acid Sequences (Cristiano Chiarabelli, Cecilia Portela Pallares, and Anna Quintarelli).

Part Three: Complex Systems.

8 Synthetic Genetic Codes as the Basis of Synthetic Life (J. Tze-Fei Wong and Hong Xue).

9 Toward Safe Genetically Modified Organisms through the Chemical Diversification of Nucleic Acids (Piet Herdewijn and Philippe Marliere).

10 The Minimal Ribosome (Hiroshi Yamamoto, Markus Pech, Daniela Wittek, Isabella Moll, and Knud H. Nierhaus).

11 Semi-Synthetic Minimal Living Cells (Pasquale Stano, Francesca Ferri, and Pier Luigi Luisi).

Part Four: General Problems.

12 Replicators: Components for Systems Chemistry (Olga Taran and Günter von Kiedrowski).

13 Dealing with the Outer Reaches of Synthetic Biology Biosafety, Biosecurity, IPR, and Ethical Challenges of Chemical Synthetic Biology (Markus Schmidt, Malcolm Dando, and Anna Deplazes).

14 The Synthetic Approach in Biology: Epistemological Notes for Synthetic Biology (Pier Luigi Luisi).

Index.