Aerial Photography and Image Interpretation, 3rd Edition

1 Introduction 1

PART 1 GEOMETRY AND PHOTO MEASUREMENTS 25

2 Geometry of a Vertical Aerial Photograph 27

3 Principles of Stereoscopic Vision 44

4 Scale of a Vertical Aerial Photograph 68

5 Horizontal Measurements—Distance, Bearings, and Areas 86

6 Vertical Measurements 105

7 Acquisition of Aerial Photography 131

PART 2 MAPPING FROM VERTICAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS 159

8 Orthophotography 161

9 Map Projections, Grid Networks, and Control 173

10 The Global Positioning System 188

11 The Transfer of Detail 211

12 Geographic Information Systems 233

PART 3 PHOTO INTERPRETATION 243

13 Small Format Aerial Imagery 245

14 Films, Filters, and The Photographic Process 256

15 Principles and Techniques of Aerial Image Interpretation 280

16 Landforms and Drainage Patterns 306

17 Geology, Soils, and Engineering Applications 327

18 Land-Use Planning 353

19 Environmental Monitoring 370

20 Additional Topics in Natural Resources Management 386

21 Forestry 405

PART 4 NATURAL RESOURCES INVENTORY 429

22 Elementary Statistics and Sampling Techniques 431

23 Mapping Accuracy Assessment 460

24 Aerial Photo Mensuration 475

25 An Example Photo Timber Cruise 502

PART 5 AN INTRODUCTION TO REMOTE SENSING 521

26 Additional Characteristics of Electromagnetic Energy 523

27 Radar and Lidar—Active Remote Sensors 534

28 Scanning Remote Sensors 559

APPENDIXES 581

A Summary of Photogrammetric Formulas 583

B Summary of Statistical Formulas 587

C Specimen Contract for Aerial Photography 592

D Selected Aerial Photo Volume Tables 599

E Partial Answers to Questions and Problems 608

F Partial Answers to Laboratory Exercises 611

G Metric Conversion Charts 615

Index 617