This book connects the basic biology of microbes, microbial biodiversity, advances in microbialomics, and the role microbes play in modern biotechnology, agriculture, food science, and environmental remediation. In short, it offers the most complete treatment of microbial biology available. Each chapter contains a detailed account of what is known about the microbes and how key discoveries were made, the latest advances in microbialomics, and future directions, many of which may inspire current undergraduate and graduate students in their own research in medicine, biotechnology, or environmental science.