1. Mathematical Calculations and Statistical Treatment of Experimental Data 1.1 The Branches of Pharmaceutical Sciences 1.2 Errors in Measurements 1.3 Accuracy and Precision 1.4 Application of Statistics to Small Sets of Data 1.5 Statistical Tests of Significance 1.6 Tests for Rejection of Data 1.7 Significant Figures 1.8 Statistics of Linear Relationships 1.9 Statistics of Nonlinear Relationships 1.10 Problems 1.11 Solutions to Problems 2. Metrology—Concentrations of Solutions and Mixtures—Computations 2.1 Metrology 2.2 Ways of Expressing the Concentrations of Solutions and Mixtures 2.3 Effective Concentration or Activity 2.4 Charge Balance—Mass Balance 2.5 Preparing Solutions and Mixtures 2.6 Dosage and Formula Calculations 2.7 Problems 2.8 Solutions to Problems 3. Equilibria Involving Weak Acids and Weak Bases 3.1 Dissociation of Weak Monoprotic Acids and Weak Monoacidic Bases 3.2(a) Effect of Ionic Strength on the Dissociation Constant 3.2(b) Effects of Micelles on the Dissociation Constant 3.3 Acidity, Neutrality, and Alkalinity in Aqueous Solutions 3.4 Dissociation of Polyprotic Acids 3.5 Proton Balance 3.6 Acid-Base Equilibria in Nonaqeous Solvents 3.7 Buffers 3.8 Hydrolysis of Salts 3.9 Problems 3.10 Solutions to Problems 4. Solubility and Phase Equilibria 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Solubility of Gases in Liquids 4.3 Solubility of Liquids in Liquids 4.4 Solubility of Solids in Liquids 4.5 Solubility of Slightly Soluble Electrolytes in Water 4.6 Problems 4.7 Solutions to Problems 5. Complexation 5.1 Classification of Complexes 5.2 Equilibria Involving Complexes 5.3 Experimental Methods for Complexation Studies 5.4 Protein Binding of Drugs 5.5 Equilibria in Immunoassays 5.6 Problems 5.7 Solutions to Problems 6. Equilibria Involving Redox Systems 6.1 Electrode Potentials—Strength of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 6.2 Factors Affecting the Electrode Potential—The Nernst Equation 6.3 Galvanic Cells—Equilibrium Constant of Redox Systems 6.4 Applications of the Standard Potentials and the Nernst Equation 6.5 Problems 6.6 Solutions to Problems 7. Kinetics and Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Law of Mass Action—Chemical Equilibrium and Factors Affecting It 7.3 Mathematical Treatment of Rates 7.4 Experimental Determination of Reaction Order and Rate Constant 7.5 Effects of Temperature and Other Factors on Reaction Rates 7.6 Degradation and Stabilization of Pharmaceuticals 7.7 Accelerated Stability Analysis 7.8 Problems 7.9 Solutions to Problems 8. Chemical Techniques of Pharmaceutical Analysis 8.1 Gravimetric Analysis 8.2 An Introduction to Volumetric Analysis 8.3 Acid-Base Titrations 8.4 Oxidation-Reduction Titrations 8.5 Precipitation Titrations 8.6 Complexometric Titrations 8.7 Problems 8.8 Solutions to Problems 9. Electrochemical and Spectrochemical Techniques in Pharmaceutical Analysis 9.1 Potentiometry 9.2 Coulometry 9.3 Spectrophotometry 9.4 Fluorometry 9.5 Problems 9.6 Solutions to Problems 10. Physical Techniques in Pharmaceutical Sciences (Refractometry-Polarimetry) 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Refractometry 10.3 Polarimetry 10.4 Problems 10.5 Solutions to Problems 11. Separation Techniques 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Separation by Extraction 11.3 Separation by Ion Exchange 11.4 Problems 11.5 Solutions to Problems 12. Chromatographic Techniques 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Theories of Chromatography. Nomenclature. Basic Relations 12.3 Planar Chromatography 12.4 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis by GLC 12.5 Liquid Column Chromatography 12.6 Problems 12.7 Solutions to Problems 13. Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition 13.1 Definitions 13.2 Release of Drug from the Formulation 13.3 Dissolution of Solids 13.4 Gastrointestinal Absorption 13.5 Protein Binding of Drugs 13.6 Drug Elimination, Excretion, and Metabolism 13.7 Problems 13.8 Solutions to Problems 14. Pharmacokinetics 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Order of Pharmacokinetic Processes 14.3 Distribution Models 14.4 Drawing a Model and Deriving the Relevant Equation 14.5 One-Compartment Model 14.6 Two-Compartment Model 14.7 Problems 14.8 Solutions to Problems 15. Radiopharmacy and Radiochemical Analytical Techniques 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Fundamentals of Radioactivity 15.3 Statistical Considerations in Radioactive Measurements 15.4 Analytical Applications of Radioactivity 15.5 Problems 15.6 Solutions to Problems Appendix A Equilibrium Constants Table A.1. Dissociation Constants for Acids Table A.2. Dissociation Constants for Bases Appendix B Standard and Formal Potentials E⁰ and E^???, at 25°C Appendix C Common Logarithms Index