Introduction: Matter Is Molecular.

1.1 What Is Chemistry?

How Chemistry Advances.

Methods of Science.

Box 1-1 Chemistry and Life: Is There Life on Other Planets?

1.2 Atoms, Molecules, and Compounds.

Atoms.

Molecules.

The Elements.

Chemical Formulas.

1.3 The Periodic Table of the Elements.

Arrangement.

Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids.

Periodic Properties.

1.4 Characteristics of Matter.

Phases of Matter.

Transformations of Matter.

Box 1-2 Tools for Discovery: Atomic-Level Microscopy.

1.5 Measurements in Chemistry.

Physical Properties.

Magnitude.

Units.

Unit Conversions.

Precision and Accuracy.

Significant Figures.

1.6 Calculations in Chemistry.

Density.

Precision of Calculations.

1.7 Chemical Problem Solving.

Chapter 2. The Atomic Nature of Matter.

Introduction: Nuclear Medicine.

2.1 Atomic Theory.

Conservation of Atoms and Mass.

Atoms Combine to Make Molecules.

Box 2-1 Chemistry and Technology: Molecular Machines.

Atoms and Molecules Are Continually in Motion.

Dynamic Molecular Equilibrium.

2.2 Atomic Architecture: Electrons and Nuclei.

Forces.

Electrons.

The Nucleus.

2.3 Atomic Diversity: The Elements.

Isotopes.

Mass Spectrometry.

Nuclear Stability.

Unstable Nuclei.

Isotopes in Medicine.

Box 2-2 Chemistry and Life: Medical Applications of Technetium.

2.4 Counting Atoms: The Mole.

The Moles and Avogadro’s Number.

Molar Mass.

Mole-Mass-Atom Conversions.

2.5 Charged Atoms: Ions.

Ionic Compounds 57

Chapter 3. The Composition of Molecules.

Introduction: Our World Is Molecular.

3.1 Representing Molecules.

Chemical Formulas.

Structural Formulas.

Three-Dimensional Models.

Line Structures.

Box 3-1 Chemical Milestones: Forms of Elemental Carbon.

3.2 Naming Chemical Compounds.

Naming Nonmetallic Binary Compounds.

Binary Compounds of Hydrogen.

Compounds That Contain Carbon.

3.3 Formulas and Names of Ionic Compounds.

Atomic Cations and Anons.

Polyatomic Ions.

Recognizing Ionic Compounds.

Ionic Formulas.

Cations of Variable Charge.

Hydrates.

3.4 Amounts of Compounds.

Molar Masses of Chemical Compounds.

Mass-Molar-Number Conversions for Compounds.

3.5 Determining Chemical Formulas.

Mass Percent Composition.

Empirical Formula.

Analysis by Decomposition.

Box 3-2 Tools for Discovery: Applications of Mass Spectrometry.

Combustion Analysis.

3.6 Aqueous Solutions.

Molarity.

Chapter 4. Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry.

Introduction: The Dye Industry.

4.1 Writing Chemical Equations.

Balanced Equations.

Balancing Equations.

4.2 The Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions.

4.3 Yields of Chemical Reactions.

Box 4-1 Chemistry and Life: Feeding the World.

4.4 The Limiting Reactant.

Tables of Amounts.

4.5 Precipitation Reactions.

Species in Solution.

Net Ionic Equations.

Solubility Guidelines.

Precipitation Stoichiometry.

Synthesis via Precipitation.

4.6 Acid-Base Reactions.

Proton Transfer.

Strong and Weak Acids.

Strong and Weak Bases.

Acid-Base Stoichiometry.

Titration.

4.7 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions.

Box 4-2 Chemistry and the Environment: Paper without Pollution.

Metal Displacement.

Oxidation of Metals by H3O_ and H2O.

Oxidation by Molecular Oxygen.

Chapter 5.  The Behavior of Gases.

Introduction: Earth’s Atmosphere.

5.1 Pressure.

Units of Pressure.

5.2 Describing Gases.

Variations in Gas Volume.

The Ideal Gas Equation.

Variations on the Gas Equation.

5.3 Molecular View of Gases.

Molecular Speeds.

Speed and Energy.

Average Kinetic Energy.

Ideal Gases.

5.4 Additional Gas Properties.

Determination of Molar Mass.

Gas Density.

Rates of Gas Movement.

Box 5-1 Tools for Discovery: High Vacuum.

5.5 Gas Mixtures.

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures.

Describing Gas Mixtures.

5.6 Gas Stoichiometry.

Summary of Mole Conversions.

5.7 Chemistry of the Atmosphere.

Composition of the Lower Atmosphere.

Vapor Pressure.

Chemistry in the Troposphere.

Oxides of Nitrogen.

Box 5-2 Chemistry and the Environment: Does Human Activity Change the Weather?

Oxides of Sulfur.

Chapter 6. Energy and Its Conservation.

Introduction: Our Energy Future.

6.1 Types of Energy.

Kinetic and Potential Energy.

Electrical Energy.

Chemical Energy.

Mass.

Thermal Energy.

Radiant Energy.

Energy Transfers and Transformations.

Mass.

6.2 Thermodynamics.

Terms of Thermodynamics.

Conservation of Energy.

Heat.

Work.

First Law of Thermodynamics.

State and Path Functions.

Box 6-1 Chemistry and Life: Human Energy Requirements.

Thermodynamic Path Functions.

6.3 Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions.

Features of Reaction Energies.

Path Independence.

Bond Energies.

Reaction Energy.

6.4 Measuring Energy Changes.

Calorimeters.

Types of Calorimeters.

Calculating Energy Changes.

Box 6-2 Tools for Discovery: Calorimetry in Biology.

Molar Energy Change.

6.5 Enthalpy.

Expansion Work.

Definition of Enthalpy.

Energy and Enthalpy.

Energy and Enthalpy of Vaporization.

Enthalpies of Formation.

Enthalpy Changes for Chemical Reactions.

Species in Solution.

Concentrations of Ionic Solutions.

Dilutions.

Enthalpy Changes Under Nonstandard Conditions.

Bond Energies and Enthalpies of Formation.

6.6 Energy Sources.

Energy and Civilization.

Ultimate Energy Sources.

Future Resources.

Energy Conservation.

Chapter 7. Atoms and Light.

Introduction: Lasers.

7.1 Characteristics of Atoms.

7.2 Characteristics of Light.

Light Has Wave Aspects.

The Photoelectric Effect.

Light Has Particle Aspects.

7.3 Absorption and Emission Spectra.

Light and Atoms.

Atomic Spectra.

Quantization of Energy.

Energy Level Diagrams.

Box 7-1 Tools for Discovery: Spectroscopy, Viewing from Afar.

7.4 Properties of Electrons.

Properties Shared by All Electrons.

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle.

7.5 Quantization and Quantum Numbers.

Principal Quantum Number.

Azimuthal Quantum Number.

Magnetic and Spin Quantum Numbers.

Sets of Quantum Numbers.

7.6 Shapes of Atomic Orbitals.

Orbital Depictions.

Orbital Size.

Details of Orbital Shapes.

7.7 Sunlight and the Earth.

Reactions in the Thermosphere.

Reactions in the Ozone Layer.

The Greenhouse Effect.

Box 7-2 Chemistry and the Environment: Effects of Ultraviolet Light.

Chapter 8. Atomic Energies and Periodicity.

Introduction: The Chemistry of Fireworks.

8.1 Orbital Energies.

The Effect of Nuclear Charge.

Effect of Other Electrons.

Screening.

Box 8-1 Tools for Discovery: Photoelectron Spectroscopy.

8.2 Structure of the Periodic Table.

The Pauli Exclusion Principle.

The Aufbau Principle.

Order of Orbital Filling.

Valence Electrons.

Box 8-2 Chemical Milestones: History of the Periodic Table.

8.3 Electron Configurations.

Electron-Electron Repulsion.

Orbitals with Nearly Equal Energies.

Configurations of Ions.

Magnetic Properties of Atoms.

Excited States.

8.4 Periodicity of Atomic Properties.

Underlying Patterns.

Atomic Radii.

Ionization Energy.

Higher Ionizations.

Electron Affinity.

Irregularities in Ionization Energies.

Sizes of Ions.

8.5 Energetics of Ionic Compounds.

Why Not Na2+ Cl2-?

Cation Stability.

Anion Stability.

Trends in Lattice Energies.

8.6 Ions and Chemical Periodicity.

s-Block Elements.

p-Block Elements.

Chapter 9.  Fundamentals of Chemical Bonding.

Introduction: Nanotechnology.

9.1 Overview of Bonding.

The Hydrogen Molecule.

Bond Length and Bond Energy.

Other Diatomic Molecules: F2.

Unequal Electron Sharing.

Electronegativity and Polar Covalent Bonds.

9.2 Lewis Structures.

The Conventions.

The Bonding Framework.

Building Lewis Structures.

Optimizing the Structure.

Beyond the Octet.

Resonance Structures.

9.3 Molecular Shapes: Tetrahedral Systems.

The Shape of Methane.

Why a Tetrahedron?

Carbon and the Tetrahedron.

The VSEPR Model.

Silicon.

Box 9-1 Chemistry and Life: The Importance of Shape.

9.4 Other Molecular Shapes.

Steric Number 2: Linear Geometry.

Steric Number 3: The Trigonal Plane.

Steric Number 5: The Trigonal Bipyramid.

Steric Number 6: The Octahedron.

Box 9-2 Chemical Milestones: Do Noble Gases React?

9.5 Properties of Covalent Bonds.

Bond Angles.

Dipole Moments.

Bond Length.

Bond Energy.

Summary of Molecular Shapes.

Chapter 10. Theories of Chemical Bonding.

Introduction: Photosynthesis.

10.1 Localized Bonds.

Orbital Overlap.

Conventions of the Orbital Overlap Model.

Diatomic Molecules: HF and F2.

Bonding in Hydrogen Sulfide.

Methane: The Need for an Expanded Model.

10.2 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals.

Methane: sp3 Hybrid Orbitals.

Other Tetrahedral Systems.

General Features of Hybridization.

sp2 Hybrid Orbitals.

sp Hybrid Orbitals.

The Participation of d Orbitals.

10.3 Multiple Bonds.

Bonding in Ethylene.

s and p Bonds.

p-Bonds Involving Oxygen Atoms.

Box 10-1 Chemistry and Life: The Alkenes.

To p Bond or Not to p Bond: Carbon vs. Silicon.

Acetylene: Formation of a Triple Bond.

Box 10-2 Chemistry and Technology: Light-Emitting Diodes.

10.4 Molecular Orbital Theory: Diatomic Molecules.

Molecular Orbitals of H2.

Second-Row Diatomic Molecules.

Evidence for Antibonding Orbitals.

Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules.

Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules.

10.5 Three-Center _ Orbitals.

Ozone and the Nature of Resonance.

A Composite Model of Bonding.

Carbon Dioxide.

Other Second-Row Triatomics.

10.6 Extended _ Systems.

Butadiene.

Carbonate Ion.

Larger Delocalized p Systems.

p Bonding Beyond the Second Row.

10.7 Band Theory of Solids.

Delocalized Orbitals in Lithium Metal.

Electrical Conductivity.

Insulators and Conductors: Carbon vs. Lead.

Metalloids.

Doped Semiconductors.

Energetics of Salt Solubility.

Effect of Temperature.

Gas–Solution Equilibria.

Chapter 11. Effects of Intermolecular Forces.

Introduction: Opals and Butterfly Wings.

11.1 Real Gases and Intermolecular Forces.

The Halogens.

Real Gases.

The van der Waals Equation.

Melting and Boiling Points.

11.2 Types of Intermolecular Forces.

Dispersion Forces.

Dipolar Forces.

Hydrogen-Bonding Forces.

Binary Hydrogen Compounds.

11.3 Liquids.

Properties of Liquids.

Vapor Pressure.

11.4 Forces in Solids.

Magnitudes of Forces.

Molecular Solids.

Network Solids.

Metallic Solids.

Ionic Solids.

Box 11-1 Chemistry and Technology: Superconductors.

11.5 Order in Solids.

The Crystal Lattice and the Unit Cell.

Cubic Crystals.

Close-Packed Crystals.

Ionic Solids.

Amorphous Solids.

Box 11-2 Chemistry and Life: Liquid Crystals.

Crystal Imperfections.

11.6 Phase Changes.

Heats of Phase Changes.

Phase Diagrams.

Variations on Phase Diagrams.

Chapter 12. Properties of Solutions.

Introduction: The Chemistry of Shampoo.

12.1 The Nature of Solutions.

Components of Solutions.

Solution Concentrations.

12.2 Determinants of Solubility.

Like Dissolves Like.

Solubility of Solids.

Alloys.

Solubility of Salts.

12.3 Characteristics of Aqueous Solutions.

The Uniqueness of Water.

Solubility Equilibrium.

Box 12-1 Chemistry and Life: Scuba Diving and Henry’s Law.

12.4 Colligative Properties.

Vapor Pressure Reduction.

Boiling and Freezing Points.

Osmosis.

Determination of Molar Mass.

12.5 Between Solutions and Mixtures.

Colloidal Suspensions.

Box 12-2 Chemistry and the Environment: Aerosols.

Surfactants.

Cell Membranes.

Chapter 13. Macromolecules.

Introduction: Silk, a Natural Macromolecule.

13.1 Starting Materials for Polymers.

C!!C Double Bonds.

!OH and !SH.

!NH2.

The Carbonyl and Carboxyl Groups.

Phosphates.

Linkage Groups.

13.2 Free Radical Polymerization.

Synthesis of Polyethylene.

Other Polyalkenes.

Rubber.

Box 13-1 Chemical Milestones: The Natural Rubber Industry.

Cross-Linking.

13.3 Condensation Polymerization.

Polyamides.

Polyesters.

13.4 Types of Polymers.

Plastics.

Fibers.

Elastomers.

Polymer Stability.

13.5 Carbohydrates.

Monosaccharides.

Disaccharides.

Polysaccharides.

13.6 Nucleic Acids.

The Building Blocks.

The Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids.

The Secondary Structure of DNA: The Double Helix.

Box 13-2 Chemistry and Technology: DNA “Chips”.

The Structure of RNA.

13.7 Proteins.

Amino Acids.

Polypeptides.

Secondary Protein Structure.

Tertiary Protein Structure.

Globular Proteins.

Fibrous Proteins.

Chapter 14. Spontaneity of Chemical Processes.

Introduction: Things Become Disorganized.

14.1 Spontaneity.

Dispersal of Matter.

Energy Dispersal.

Energy and Spontaneity.

Opposing Dispersal Trends.

14.2 Entropy: The Measure of Dispersal.

Entropy and Dispersal of Matter.

Entropy and Dispersal of Energy.

Direction of Heat Flow.

14.3 Entropies of Pure Substances.

Minimization of Entropy.

Absolute Entropies.

Box 14-1 Chemistry and Technology: Seeking Absolute Zero.

Entropy and Concentration.

Standard Reaction Entropies.

14.4 Spontaneity and Free Energy.

Free Energy and Temperature.

Free Energy and Concentration.

Influencing Spontaneity.

14.5 Some Applications of Thermodynamics.

Nitrogen Fixation.

Box 14-2 Chemistry and Life: How Does Nitrogenase Work?

Phase Changes.

Thermal Pollution.

14.6 Bioenergetics.

Biochemical Energy Production.

Coupled Reactions.

Energy Efficiency.

Chapter 15. Kinetics: Mechanisms and Rates of Reactions.

Introduction: The Ozone Problem.

15.1 What Is a Reaction Mechanism?

Example of a Mechanism: Formation of N2O4.

Elementary Reactions.

Alternative Mechanisms.

Intermediates.

The Rate-Determining Step.

15.2 Rates of Chemical Reactions.

A Molecular View.

A Macroscopic View: Concentration Changes.

15.3 Concentration and Reaction Rates.

Concentration Effects.

Working with Small Equilibrium Constants.

Working with Large Equilibrium Constants.

15.4 Experimental Kinetics.

First-Order Reactions.

Second-Order Reactions.

“Isolation” Experiments.

Initial Rates.

15.5 Linking Mechanisms and Rate Laws.

Rate-Determining First Step.

Rate-Determining Later Step.

Equality of Rates.

Box 15-1 Chemistry and the Environment: Reactions of Ozone.

15.6 Reaction Rates and Temperature.

Energy Changes in a Unimolecular Reaction.

Energy Changes during Bimolecular Reactions.

Activation Energy.

Activation Energy and the Rate Constant.

The Arrhenius Equation.

Values of Activation Energy.

15.7 Catalysis.

Catalysis and the Ozone Problem.

Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts.

Catalysis in Industry.

Biocatalysis: Enzymes.

Box 15-2 Chemistry and Technology: Ionic Liquids.

Chapter 16. Principles of Chemical Equilibrium.

Introduction: Agriculture and Nitrogen Fixation.

16.1 Describing Chemical Equilibria.

Dynamic Equilibrium.

The Equilibrium Constant.

Reversibility.

16.2 Properties of Equilibrium Constants.

Concentration Units and Keq.

Direction of a Reaction at Equilibrium.

Pure Liquids, Pure Solids, and Solvents.

Magnitudes of Equilibrium Constants.

16.3 Thermodynamics and Equilibrium.

Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant.

Calculating Keq from .G_.

Equilibrium Constants and Temperature.

Box 16-1 Chemistry and Technology: Industrial Equilibria.

16.4 Shifts in Equilibrium.

Le Châtelier’s Principle.

Changes in Amounts of Reagents.

Effect of Catalysts.

Effect of Temperature.

16.5 Working with Equilibria.

Chemistry of Equilibria.

Initial Conditions and Concentration Tables.

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations.

Buffer Capacity.

Buffer Preparation.

16.6 Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions.

Species in Solution.

Types of Aqueous Equilibria.

Identifying Types of Equilibria.

Spectator Ions.

Box 16-2 Chemistry and the Environment: Limestone Caverns.

Chapter 17. Aqueous Acid–Base Equilibria.

Introduction: Acids and Taste.

17.1 Proton Transfers in Water.

Dissociation of Water.

Strong Acids.

Strong Bases.

17.2 The pH Scale.

Other ‘p’ Scales.

17.3 Weak Acids and Bases.

Weak Acids: Proton Transfer to Water.

Weak Bases: Proton Transfer from Water.

Box 17-1 Chemical Milestones: Arrhenius and the Ionic Theory.

17.4 Recognizing Acids and Bases.

Oxoacids.

Carboxylic Acids.

Polyprotic Acids.

Other Acids.

Weak Bases.

Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs.

Box 17-2 Chemistry and Life: Drugs and the Brain.

17.5 Acidic and Basic Salts.

Salts of Weak Acids.

Salts of Weak Bases.

Summarizing Acids and Bases.

17.6 Factors Affecting Acid Strength.

Effect of Charge.

Structural Factors.

17.7 Multiple Equilibria.

Polyprotic Acids.

Salts of Polyprotic Acids.

Chapter 18. Applications of Aqueous Equilibria.

Introduction: The pH of Blood.

18.1 Buffer Solutions.

The Composition of Buffer Solutions.

Molecular View of a Buffer Solution.

The Buffer Equation.

Buffer Action.

18.2 Capacity and Preparation of Buffer Solutions.

Rate Laws.

Mechanisms and Rate Laws.

Rate Constants.

18.3 Acid–Base Titrations.

Titration of a Weak Acid by OH_ Ions.

Titration of a Weak Base by H3O_ Ions.

Titration of Polyprotic Acids.

Indicators.

18.4 Solubility Equilibria.

Precipitation Equilibria.

The Common-Ion Effect.

Effects of pH.

Box 18-1 Chemistry and Life: The Carbon Cycle.

18.5 Complexation Equilibria.

Stoichiometry of Complexes.

Complexation Calculations.

The Chelate Effect.

Complex Formation and Solubility.

Box 18-2 Chemistry and the Environment: The pH of Soil.

Chapter 19. Electron Transfer Reactions.

Introduction: Corrosion.

19.1 Recognizing Redox Reactions.

Oxidation Numbers.

19.2 Balancing Redox Reactions.

Half-Reactions.

Balancing Half-Reactions.

Balancing Redox Reactions.

Box 19-1 Chemistry and the Environment: Purifying Groundwater.

19.3 Galvanic Cells.

Direct and Indirect Electron Transfer.

Ion Transport.

Electrodes.

Components of Galvanic Cells.

19.4 Cell Potentials.

Electrode Equilibrium.

Standard Electrical Potential.

Standard Cell Voltages.

Conventions for Standard Reduction Potentials.

19.5 Free Energy and Electrochemistry.

Cell Potential and Free Energy.

Cell Potentials and Chemical Equilibrium.

The Nernst Equation.

The pH Meter.

Electrochemical Stoichiometry.

19.6 Redox in Action.

Batteries.

Corrosion.

Box 19-2 Chemistry and Technology: Fuel Cells.

19.7 Electrolysis.

Electrolysis of Water.

Competitive Electrolysis.

Electroplating.

Chapter 20. The Transition Metals.

Introduction: Metals Essential for Life.

20.1 Overview of the Transition Metals.

Physical Properties.

Redox Behavior.

Transition Metal Compounds.

20.2 Coordination Complexes.

Nature of Ligands.

Structures of Coordination Complexes.

Isomers.

Naming Coordination Compounds.

Box 20-1 Chemical Milestones: The Birth of Coordination Chemistry.

20.3 Bonding in Coordination Complexes.

Orbital Stability in Octahedral Complexes.

Populating the d Orbitals.

Magnetic Properties of Coordination Complexes.

Contributions to Crystal Field Splitting Energy.

Color in Coordination Complexes.

Square Planar and Tetrahedral Complexes.

20.4 Metallurgy.

Overview of Metallurgical Processes.

Iron and Steel.

Other Metals.

20.5 Applications of Transition Metals.

Titanium.

Chromium.

Copper, Silver, and Gold.

Box 20-2 Chemistry and Technology: How Are Images Captured Chemically?

Zinc and Mercury.

The Platinum Metals.

20.6 Transition Metals in Biology.

Metalloproteins.

Transport and Storage Proteins.

Enzymes.

Electron Transfer Proteins.

Chapter 21. The Main Group Elements.

Introduction: New Discoveries about an Old Compound.

21.1 Lewis Acids and Bases.

Formation of Lewis Acid–Base Adducts.

Recognizing Lewis Acids and Bases.

21.2 Hard and Soft Lewis Acids and Bases.

Polarizability.

The Hard–Soft Concept.

The Hard–Soft Acid–Base Principle.

Metathesis Reactions.

21.3 The Main Group Metals.

Production of Aluminum.

Other Binuclear Reactions.

Making Synthetic Elements.

Box 21-1 Chemical Milestones: The Story of the Hall-Héroult Process.

Uses of Aluminum.

Tin and Lead.

21.4 The Metalloids.

Boron.

Silicon.

Silicones.

Other Metalloids.

21.5 Phosphorus.

Elemental Phosphorus.

Phosphoric Acid.

Phosphorus Fertilizers.

Phosphate Condensations.

Organophosphorus Compounds.

21.6 Other Nonmetals.

Sulfur.

Chlorine.

Other Halogens.

Box 21-2 Chemistry and the Environment: The Case Against the Industrial Use of Chlorine.

Chapter 22. Nuclear Chemistry and Radiochemistry.

Introduction: The Nuclear Dilemma.

22.1 Nuclear Stability.

Nuclear Composition.

Nuclear Binding Energy.

Energy Barriers.

Stable Nuclides.

22.2 Nuclear Decay.

Decay Processes.

Rates of Nuclear Decay.

22.3 Induced Nuclear Reactions.

Neutron-Capture Reactions.

22.4 Nuclear Fission.

Characteristics of Fission.

Nuclear Weapons.

Nuclear Reactors.

Box 22-1 Chemistry and the Environment: A Natural Nuclear Reactor?

22.5 Nuclear Fusion.

The Threshold for Fusion.

Fusion Bombs.

Controlled Fusion.

Stellar Nuclear Reactions.

First-Generation Stars.

Second-Generation Stars.

22.6 Effects of Radiation.

Radiation Damage.

Immediate Health Effects.

Long-Term Effects.

Radiation Shielding.

22.7 Applications of Radioactivity.

Dating Using Radioactivity.

Radioactive Tracers.

Box 22-2 Chemistry and Life: Preserving Food with Radiation.

Appendix A: Scientific Notation.

Appendix B: Quantitative Observations.

Appendix C: Ionization Energies and Electron Affinities.

Appendix D: Standard Thermodynamic Functions.

Appendix E: Equilibrium Constants.

Appendix F: Standard Reduction Potentials.

Solutions to Odd-Numbered Problems.

Photo Credits.

Glossary.

Index of Equations.

Index.