PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

SYMBOLS.

1 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS.

1.1 Elements of Thermodynamics Terminology.

1.2 The First Law for Closed Systems.

1.3 Work Transfer.

1.4 Heat Transfer.

1.5 Energy Change.

1.6 The First Law for Open Systems.

1.7 Historical Background.

1.8 The Structured Presentation of the First Law.

References.

Problems.

2 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS.

2.1 The Second Law for Closed Systems.

2.2 The Second Law for Open Systems.

2.3 The Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium Model.

2.4 The Entropy Maximum and Energy Minimum Principles.

2.5 Carathe´odory’s Two Axioms.

2.6 A Heat Transfer Man’s Two Axioms.

2.7 Historical Background.

References.

Problems.

3 ENTROPY GENERATION, OR EXERGY DESTRUCTION.

3.1 Lost Available Work.

3.2 Cycles.

3.3 Nonflow Processes.

3.4 Steady-Flow Processes.

3.5 Mechanisms of Entropy Generation or Exergy Destruction.

3.6 Entropy-Generation Minimization.

References.

Problems.

4 SINGLE-PHASE SYSTEMS.

4.1 Simple System.

4.2 Equilibrium Conditions.

4.3 The Fundamental Relation.

4.4 Legendre Transforms.

4.5 Relations between Thermodynamic Properties.

4.6 Partial Molal Properties.

4.7 Ideal Gas Mixtures.

4.8 Real Gas Mixtures.

References.

Problems.

5 EXERGY ANALYSIS.

5.1 Nonflow Systems.

5.2 Flow Systems.

5.3 Generalized Exergy Analysis.

5.4 Air-Conditioning Applications.

5.5 Other Aspects of Exergy Analysis.

References.

Problems.

6 MULTIPHASE SYSTEMS.

6.1 The Energy Minimum Principle in U, H, F, and G Representations.

6.2 The Internal Stability of a Simple System.

6.3 The Continuity of the Vapor and Liquid States.

6.4 Phase Diagrams.

6.5 Corresponding States.

References.

Problems.

7 CHEMICALLY REACTIVE SYSTEMS.

7.1 Equilibrium.

7.2 Irreversible Reactions.

7.3 Steady-Flow Combustion.

7.4 The Chemical Exergy of Fuels.

7.5 Constant-Volume Combustion.

References.

Problems.

8 POWER GENERATION.

8.1 Maximum Power Subject to Size Constraint.

8.2 Maximum Power from Hot Stream.

8.3 External Irreversibilities.

8.4 Internal Irreversibilities.

8.5 Advanced Steam-Turbine Power Plants.

8.6 Advanced Gas-Turbine Power Plants.

8.7 Combined Steam-Turbine and Gas-Turbine Power Plants.

References.

Problems.

9 SOLAR POWER.

9.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Thermal Radiation.

9.2 Reversible Processes.

9.3 Irreversible Processes.

9.4 The Ideal Conversion of Enclosed Blackbody Radiation.

9.5 Maximization of Power Output per Unit Collector Area.

9.6 Convectively Cooled Collectors.

9.7 Extraterrestrial Solar Power Plant.

9.8 Nonisothermal Collectors, Time-Varying Conditions, and Solar-Driven Refrigerators.

9.9 Global Circulation and Climate.

References.

Problems.

10 REFRIGERATION.

10.1 Joule–Thomson Expansion.

10.2 Work-Producing Expansion.

10.3 Brayton Cycle.

10.4 Optimal Intermediate Cooling.

10.5 Liquefaction.

10.6 Refrigerator Models with Heat Transfer Irreversibilities.

10.7 Magnetic Refrigeration.

References.

Problems.

11 ENTROPY-GENERATION MINIMIZATION.

11.1 Trade-off between Competing Irreversibilities.

11.2 Balanced Counterflow Heat Exchangers.

11.3 Heat Exchangers with Negligible Pressure-Drop Irreversibility.

11.4 Storage Systems.

11.5 Power Maximization or Entropy-Generation Minimization.

11.6 From Entropy-Generation Minimization to Constructal Theory.

References.

Problems.

12 IRREVERSIBLE THERMODYNAMICS.

12.1 Conjugate Fluxes and Forces.

12.2 Linearized Relations.

12.3 Reciprocity Relations.

12.4 Thermoelectric Phenomena.

12.5 Heat Conduction in Anisotropic Media.

12.6 Mass Diffusion.

References.

Problems.

13 THE CONSTRUCTAL LAW OF CONFIGURATION GENERATION.

13.1 The Constructal Law.

13.2 The Area-Point Access Problem.

13.3 Natural Flow Patterns.

13.4 Constructal Theory of Distribution of City Sizes, by A. Bejan, S. Lorente, A. F. Miguel, and A. H. Reis.

13.5 Constructal Theory of Distribution of River Sizes, by A. Bejan, S. Lorente, A. F. Miguel, and A. H. Reis.

13.6 Constructal Theory of Egyptian Pyramids and Flow Fossils in General, by A. Bejan and S. Périn.

13.7 The Broad View: Biology, Physics, and Engineering.

13.8 Constructal Theory of Running, Swimming and Flying, by A. Bejan and J. H. Marden.

13.9 Science and Civilization as Constructal Flow Systems.

13.10 Freedom Is Good for Design.

References.

Problems.

APPENDIX.

Constants.

Mathematical Formulas.

Variational Calculus.

Properties of Moderately Compressed-Liquid States.

Properties of Slightly Superheated-Vapor States.

Properties of Cold Water near the Density Maximum.

Analysis of Engineering Components.

The Flow Exergy of Gases at Low Pressures.

Tables.

References.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR.

AUTHOR INDEX.

SUBJECT INDEX.