1 INTRODUCTION.

1.1 Principles of Water-Quality Control.

1.2 Sources of Water Pollution.

1.2.1 Point Sources.

1.2.2 Nonpoint Sources.

1.3 Laws and Regulations.

1.3.1 Clean Water Act.

1.3.2 Safe Drinking Water Act.

1.4 Strategy for Water-Quality Management.

1.4.1 Use-Attainability Analysis.

1.4.2 Total Maximum Daily Load Process.

Summary.

Problems.

2 WATER-QUALITY STANDARDS.

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 Measures of Water Quality.

2.2.1 Physical Measures.

2.2.2 Chemical Measures.

2.2.3 Biological Measures.

2.3 U.S. Surface-Water Standards.

2.3.1 Designated Beneficial Uses.

2.3.2 Water-Quality Criteria.

2.3.3 Antidegradation Policy.

2.3.4 General Water-Quality Management Practices.

2.4 U.S. Ground-Water Standards.

2.5 Background Water Quality.

2.6 Computer Codes.

Summary.

Problems.

3 FATE AND TRANSPORT IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS.

3.1 Mixing of Dissolved Constituents.

3.2 Properties of the Diffusion Equation.

3.2.1 Fundamental Solution in One Dimension.

3.2.2 Principle of Superposition.

3.2.3 Solutions in Higher Dimensions.

3.2.4 Moment Property of the Diffusion Equation.

3.2.5 Nondimensional Form.

3.3 Transport of Suspended Particles.

Summary.

Problems.

4 RIVERS AND STREAMS.

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Transport Processes.

4.2.1 Initial Mixing.

4.2.2 Longitudinal Dispersion.

4.3 Spills.

4.3.1 Governing Equation.

4.3.2 Fate of Volatile Organic Compounds in Streams.

4.4 Continuous Discharges.

4.4.1 Oxygen Demand of Wastewater.

4.4.2 Reaeration.

4.4.3 Streeter–Phelps Model.

4.4.4 Other Considerations.

4.5 Restoration and Management.

4.5.1 Nonstructural Techniques.

4.5.2 Structural Techniques.

4.6 Computer Codes.

Summary.

Problems.

5 LAKES AND RESERVOIRS.

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Natural Processes.

5.2.1 Flow and Dispersion.

5.2.2 Light Penetration.

5.2.3 Sedimentation.

5.2.4 Eutrophication and Nutrient Recycling.

5.2.5 Thermal Stratification.

5.3 Water-Quality Models.

5.3.1 Zero-Dimensional (Completely Mixed) Model.

5.3.2 One-Dimensional (Vertical) Models.

5.3.3 Two-Dimensional Models.

5.4 Restoration and Management.

5.4.1 Control of Eutrophication.

5.4.2 Control of Dissolved-Oxygen Levels.

5.4.3 Control of Toxic Contaminants.

5.4.4 Control of Acidity.

5.4.5 Control of Aquatic Plants.

5.4.6 Attainability of Lake Uses.

5.5 Computer Codes.

Summary.

Problems.

6 WETLANDS.

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Natural Wetlands.

6.2.1 Marshes.

6.2.2 Swamps.

6.2.3 Bogs.

6.2.4 Fens.

6.3 Delineation of Wetlands.

6.3.1 Vegetation.

6.3.2 Soils.

6.3.3 Hydrology.

6.4 Wetland Hydrology.

6.4.1 Net Surface-Water Inflow.

6.4.2 Net Ground-Water Inflow.

6.4.3 Evapotranspiration.

6.5 Case Study: The Everglades and Big Cypress Swamp.

6.6 Constructed Treatment Wetlands.

6.6.1 Surface-Flow Wetlands.

6.6.2 Subsurface-Flow Wetlands.

6.6.3 Wetland Regulations in the United States.

6.6.4 Basic Principles for Wetland Restoration and Creation.

6.6.5 Design of Constructed Treatment Wetlands.

6.6.6 Wetlands for Treating Roadway Runoff.

Summary.

Problems.

7 GROUND WATER.

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Natural Ground-Water Quality.

7.3 Contaminant Sources.

7.3.1 Septic Tanks.

7.3.2 Leaking Underground Storage Tanks.

7.3.3 Land Application of Wastewater.

7.3.4 Irrigation and Irrigation Return Flow.

7.3.5 Solid-Waste Disposal Sites.

7.3.6 Waste-Disposal Injection Wells.

7.3.7 Agricultural Operations.

7.4 Fate and Transport Models.

7.4.1 Instantaneous Point Source.

7.4.2 Continuous Point Source.

7.4.3 Continuous Plane Source.

7.5 Transport Processes.

7.6 Fate Processes.

7.6.1 Sorption.

7.6.2 First-Order Decay.

7.6.3 Combined Processes.

7.7 Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids.

7.8 Remediation of Subsurface Contamination.

7.8.1 Remediation Goals.

7.8.2 Site Investigation.

7.8.3 Remediation Strategies.

7.9 Computer Models.

Summary.

Problems.

8 OCEANS AND ESTUARIES.

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Ocean-Outfall Discharges.

8.2.1 Near-Field Mixing.

8.2.2 Far-Field Mixing.

8.3 Water-Quality Control in Estuaries.

8.3.1 Classification of Estuaries.

8.3.2 Physical Conditions.

8.3.3 Chemical Conditions.

8.3.4 Biological Conditions.

8.3.5 Use-Attainability Evaluations.

8.4 Computer Models.

Summary.

Problems.

9 WATERSHEDS.

9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Source-Water Protection.

9.3 Watershed-Generated Pollutant Loads.

9.4 Urban Watersheds.

9.4.1 Sources of Pollution.

9.4.2 Fate and Transport Processes.

9.4.3 Best Management Practices.

9.5 Agricultural Watersheds.

9.5.1 Sources of Pollution.

9.5.2 Fate and Transport Processes.

9.5.3 Best Management Practices.

9.6 Airsheds.

9.6.1 Nitrogen Compounds.

9.6.2 Mercury.

9.6.3 Other Metals.

9.6.4 Pesticides.

9.6.5 Combustion Emissions.

9.7 Computer Models.

Summary.

Problems.

APPENDIX A UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS.

A.1 Units.

A.2 Conversion Factors.

APPENDIX B FLUID PROPERTIES.

B.1 Water.

B.2 Organic Compounds Found in Water.

B.3 Air at Standard Atmospheric Pressure.

APPENDIX C U.S.WATER-QUALITY STANDARDS.

C.1 Water-Quality Criteria for Surface Waters.

C.2 Water-Quality Criteria for Drinking Water.

C.3 Priority Pollutants.

APPENDIX D STATISTICAL TABLES.

D.1 Areas Under the Standard Normal Curve.

APPENDIX E SPECIAL FUNCTIONS.

E.1 Error Function.

E.2 Bessel Functions.

E.2.1 Definition.

E.2.2 Evaluation of Bessel Functions.

E.3 Gamma Function.

APPENDIX F PIPE SPECIFICATIONS.

F.1 PVC Pipe.

F.2 Ductile Iron Pipe.

F.3 Concrete Pipe.

REFERENCES.

INDEX.