Series Preface

Author's Preface

Acronyms, Abbreviation and Symbols

About the Author

Introduction

Introduction to sensors

Sensors and biosensors - definitions

Aspects of sensors

Transduction Elements

Electrochemical transducers - introduction

Potentiometry and ion selective electrodes: the Nernst equation

Voltammetry and amperometry

Conductivity

Field effect transistors

Modified electrodes, thin film electrodes, microelectrodes and screen printed electrodes

Photometric sensors

Sensing Elements

Introduction

Ionic recognition

Molecular recognition - chemical recognition agents

Molecular recognition - spectroscopic recognition

Molecular recognition - biological recognition agents

Immobilisation of biological component

Performance Factors

Introduction

Selectivity

Sensitivity

Time factors

Precision, accuracy and repeatability

Different biomaterials

Different transducers

Some factors affecting the performance of sensors

Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors

Potentiometric sensors - ion selective electrodes

Potentiometric biosensors

Amperometric sensors

Conductometric sensors and biosensors

Applications of FET sensors

Photometric Applications

Techniques for optical sensors

Visible absorption spectroscopy

Fluorescent reagents

Indirect methods using competitive binding

Reflection methods

Light scattering techniques

Mass Sensitive and Thermal Sensors

The piezo-electric effect

Surface acoustic waves

Thermal sensors

Some Specific Applications

Determination of glucose in blood - amperometric biosensor

Determination of ng levels of copper (I) in water using anodic stripping voltammetry using an electrode modified with a complexing agent

Determination of several ions simultaneously - "the laboratory on a chip"

Determination of ato-mole levels of trinitrotoluene (TNT) - antibody with a luminescent transducer

Determination of flavanols in beers