The Progressive Era and Race: Reaction and Reform, 1900 - 1917

Foreword VII

Acknowledgments XI

INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER ONE: The Denise of Reconstruction and the Making of White Supremacy, 1895—1900 6

Why Radical Reconstruction Started and Why It Faltered 8

The Redeemer Governments and Blacks 21

The 1890s: The Triumph of Racism 24

The Abandonment of Blacks by the North 33

Blacks React to a Revolution Gone Backwards 38

CHAPTER TWO: Tough-Minded Progressives and Race 43

The Shape and Promise of Progressivism 44

Scientific Racism and the Progressive Mind 47

Progressive Activists and the Race Problem 56

Literacy and Popular Culture and Race 67

CHAPTER THREE: African Americans and Southern Progressivism 72

What Racism Wrought: The Social and Economic Conditions of Blacks 73

Southern Progressivism and Race 88

1. The New Black Threat 94

2. The Completion of Disfranchisement 97

3. The Rise of Jim Crow Laws 99

4. Black Education in the South 102

5. The Southern Justice System 105

CHAPTER FOUR: National Politics and Race, 1900—1917: The Great Betrayal 111

The Republican Party and the Race Question 112

The Watershed Election of 1912: The Democratic Triumph 122

The Supreme Court and Jim Crow 131

Black-White Relations in the North: Slouching toward the Nadir 133

CHAPTER FIVE: The Washington—Du Bois Feud, the “New Negro,” and the Rise of the NAACP 137

Booker T. Washington and the Strategy of Compromise and Gradualism 138

W. E. B. Du Bois and the Strategy of Protest 146

The Niagara Movement and the Revolt against Washington 158

The Rise of the NAACP 162

Other Voices and Other Paths to Racial Uplift 172

EPILOGUE: World War I and Beyond 182

Bibliographical Essay 194

Index 223

Photographs follows page 110