Synthetic Aperture Radar Polarimetry

Foreword xiii

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xvii

Authors xix

1. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Imaging Basics 1

1.1 Basic Principles of Radar Imaging 2

1.2 Radar Resolution 6

1.3 Radar Equation 10

1.4 Real Aperture Radar 11

1.5 Synthetic Aperture Radar 13

1.6 Radar Image Artifacts and Noise 16

1.7 Summary 22

References 22

2. Basic Principles of SAR Polarimetry 23

2.1 Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves 23

2.2 Mathematical Representations of Scatterers 27

2.3 Implementation of a Radar Polarimeter 32

2.4 Polarization Response 34

2.5 Optimum Polarizations 53

2.6 Contrast Enhancement 65

2.7 Summary 71

References 71

3. Advanced Polarimetric Concepts 73

3.1 Vector-Matrix Duality of Scatterer Representation 73

3.2 Eigenvalue- and Eigenvector-Based Polarimetric Parameters 76

3.3 Decomposition of Polarimetric Scattering 88

3.4 Image Classification 125

3.5 Polarimetric SAR Interferometry 135

3.6 Summary 141

References 141

4. Polarimetric SAR Calibration 145

4.1 Polarimetric Radar System Model 145

4.2 Cross Talk Estimation and Removal 152

4.3 Copolarized Channel Imbalance Calibration 161

4.4 Absolute Radiometric Calibration 166

4.5 Faraday Rotation 177

4.6 Summary 179

References 180

5. Applications: Measurement of Surface Soil Moisture 182

5.1 Surface Electrical and Geometrical Properties 183

5.2 Scattering from Bare Rough Surfaces 196

5.3 Example Bare Surface Soil Moisture Inversion Models 201

5.4 Comparison of the Performance of Bare Surface Inversion Models 211

5.5 Parameterizing Scattering Models 216

5.6 Inverting the IEM Model 222

5.7 Scattering from Vegetated Terrain 225

5.8 Simulation Results 239

5.9 Time Series Estimation of Soil Moisture 252

5.10 Summary 257

References 258

Appendixes

A. Tilted Small Perturbation Model Details 262

B. Bistatic Scattering Matrix of a Cylinder with Arbitrary Orientation 267

C. Nomenclature 276

Index 279