Russian Grammar Workbook, 2nd Edition

Preface to the First Edition xv

Preface to the Second Edition xvi

The Noun 1

Gender

1 First and second declensions [30–2, 34] 1

2 Soft-sign nouns [33] 2

3 Common gender [35] 2

4 Indeclinable nouns of foreign origin [36] 2

5 Differentiation of gender through suffi xes. Professions [43–4] 3

6 Animals [45] 4

Declension

7 Animacy [47] 4

8 Nouns which have a plural form only [49] 5

9 First declension: masculine nouns [50–2] 5

10 Partitive genitive in -у/-ю [53] 6

11 Prepositional/locative singular in -ý/-F [54] 7

12 Special masculine plural forms [55] 7

13 First declension: neuter nouns in -o [58] 8

14 First declension: nouns in -e, -ье, -ё, -ьё [59] 9

15 Second declension: nouns in -а/-я [61] 9

16 Third declension: soft-sign feminine nouns [63] 11

17 Declension of neuter nouns in -мя [64] 12

18 Declension of nouns in -ия/-ие [65] 12

19 Дéти and лFди [68] 12

20 Declension of fi rst names/surnames [69–70] 13

21 Apposition in the names of publications, towns etc. [72] 13

22 Agreement of ряд, большинствó etc. [75] 14

Case Usage

23 The nominative [77] 14

24 The accusative [79] 15

25 The genitive [80–2] 15

26 The partitive genitive [83–4] 16

27 Genitive and negative [86] 17

28 Genitive and accusative after negated verbs [87] 17

29 Verbs that take the genitive [88] 18

30 The dative as indirect object of a verb [89] 21

31 Verbs that take the dative [90] 21

32 Impersonal constructions using the dative [92] 22

33 The instrumental of function [94] 23

34 The instrumental in passive constructions [96] 23

35 Verbs that take the instrumental [99] 24

36 The instrumental of dimension [101] 24

37 The instrumental as predicate [102] 25

38 Nouns in apposition [103] 26

Revision exercises: case usage 26

The Pronoun 31

39 Personal pronouns [110] 31

40 The pronoun я [113] 32

41 The pronouns ты and вы [115] 32

42 The third-person pronouns (он, онá, онó, онD) [116] 33

43 The refl exive pronoun себB [117] 33

44 The possessive pronouns мой, твой, наш, ваш [118] 34

45 The possessive pronouns егó, её, их [119] 34

46 The refl exive possessive pronoun свой, своB, своё, своD [120] 35

47 Кто, что, какóй, котóрый, чей as interrogative pronouns [121–2] 35

48 Котóрый, чей, кто and что as relative pronouns [123] 36

49 The demonstrative pronouns Jтот and тот [125–6] 38

50 Сам and сáмый [131] 38

51 Весь, цéлый, всBкий, кáждый, любóй [132] 39

52 Никтó [134] 39

53 Ничтó [135] 40

54 Никакóй and ничéй [136] 41

55 The ‘potential’ negative pronouns нéкого, нéчего [137] 41

56 Indefi nite pronouns with the particles -то, -нибудь [138] 42

57 Нéкоторый [141] 44

58 Other parts of speech which can also function as pronouns [143] 44

The Adjective 45

The Long Form of the Adjective

59 ‘Mixed’ declension [146] 45

60 Soft-ending adjectives [147] 45

61 Formation of adjectives from nouns: the suffi xes -н-, -ск-and -oв-/-eв- [148] 46

62 Attributive use of the long adjective [155] 46

63 Use of the long adjective with predicative meaning [156] 48

Revision exercises: declension of adjectives 48

The Short Form of the Adjective

64 Endings of the short form of the adjective [159] 50

65 The mobile vowels -е-, -o- and -ё- in the masculine short form [161] 50

66 Some special short forms [162] 50

67 Short forms: pairs of opposites [168] 51

68 Adjectives of dimension [169] 51

69 Delimitation of meaning by the oblique case of a noun or pronoun [170] 52

70 Delimitation of meaning by a prepositional phrase [171] 53

Revision exercises: short-form and long-form adjectives 53

The Comparative Degree of the Adjective

71 The attributive comparative with бóлее [177] 55

72 One-word attributive comparatives [178] 56

73 Predicative comparative forms in -ее [179] 56

74 Comparative short forms in -e in predicative meaning [180–1] 57

75 Constructions with the comparative [182] 58

76 Other functions of the short-form comparative [184] 59

The Superlative Degree of the Adjective

77 The superlative degree with сáмый [185] 60

78 ВHсший and нDзший [186] 60

The Numeral 61

Cardinal, Collective and Indefinite Numerals

79 The cardinal numeral [190] 61

80 Declension of cardinal numerals [191] 62

81 The numeral одDн, однá, однó, однD [193] 62

82 Полторá/полторH, два/две, три, четHре, óба/óбе [194] 63

83 Numerals five and above [195] 64

84 Agreement of oblique cases of numerals полторá/полторH to 999 with oblique plural forms of nouns [196] 65

85 Declension of compound numerals [198] 66

86 Collective numerals [200] 67

87 Indefi nite numerals [201] 68

88 Agreement of the predicate with a subject that contains a numeral [202] 69

Ordinal Numerals

89 Formation of ordinal numerals. Usage [203–4] 70

Special Functions of Numerals

90 Telling the time [206] 71

91 Giving the date [207] 73

92 Numerals in compound nouns and adjectives [211] 74

The Verb 75

Conjugation

93 First-conjugation verbs with stems ending in a vowel [215] 75

94 First-conjugation verbs with consonant stems I [216] 77

95 First-conjugation verbs with consonant stems II: verbs

in -ать with consonant mutation throughout conjugation [217] 78

96 First-conjugation verbs with consonant stems III: verbs in -ти, -сть/-зть, -чь [218] 79

97 Present-future endings in the second conjugation [220–1] 81

98 Consonant change in the conjugation of second-conjugation verbs [222] 82

Revision exercises: conjugation of verbs 82

99 The verb ‘to be’ [226] 84

100 Formation of and stress in the imperative [227–8] 85

Revision exercise: imperative mood 86

101 Formation of the past tense [230–1] 86

102 The mobile vowel -o- in conjugation [234] 89

Aspect

103 Introductory [235]. Formation of the perfective by prefi xation [239]. Submeanings of perfectives [242] 89

104 The formation of imperfectives from prefixed first-conjugation verbs [244] 91

105 Secondary imperfectives based on second-conjugation verbs [246] 91

106 Consonant mutation in secondary imperfectives based on second-conjugation verbs [247] 91

107 Secondary imperfectives based on monosyllabic verbs [248] 92

108 The differentiation of aspects by conjugation. Aspectival pairs with different roots. Verbs which are refl exive in the imperfective aspect only [250–2] 92

109 Compounds of -ложить [253] 94

110 Meanings of verbal prefixes [254] 94

111 The imperfective and perfective aspects [255] 95

112 Aspect in the present tense [256] 97

113 Aspect in the past tense [257] 98

114 Use of the imperfective past to denote an action and its reverse [259] 99

115 Use of the imperfective past to denote a forthcoming event [261] 100

116 Negated verbs in the past [262] 100

117 Aspect in the future [263] 101

118 The ‘logical’ future [264] 102

119 The future in reported speech [265] 102

120 Use of the future to express repeated actions [266] 103

121 Use of the imperative in the context of a single action [270] 103

122 Use of the imperative to exhort and invite [271] 104

123 Negative commands/warnings [273] 104

124 Aspect in the infi nitive. Introductory [276] 105

125 Use of the infi nitive to denote habitual actions [277] 105

126 Use of the imperfective infinitive after verbs of beginning, continuing and concluding [278] 106

127 Inadvisable and advisable actions [279] 106

128 A request to perform/not to perform an action [280] 107

Revision exercises: aspect 108

Reflexive Verbs

129 Reflexive verbs. The ‘true’ reflexive [284–5] 110

130 Intransitive refl exives [287] 111

131 Refl exive verbs with passive meaning [288] 112

132 Reciprocal meanings [289] 112

The Passive Voice

133 The passive voice [300–3] 113

The Conditional and Subjunctive Moods

134 The conditional mood [304–5] 114

135 Use of the subjunctive to express wish or desire [308] 115

136 The subjunctive of purposeful endeavour [309] 116

137 Purpose clauses [310] 117

138 The expression of hypothesis [311] 117

139 Concessive constructions [312] 118

Constructions Expressing Obligation, Necessity, Possibility or Potential

140 The expression of obligation and necessity [313] 119

141 The expression of possibility or potential [314] 120

Verbs of Motion

142 Unidirectional and multidirectional verbs of motion.

Conjugation [315–16] 121

143 Imperatives and past tense of verbs of motion [317–18] 121

144 ‘To go’: идтD/ходDть and éхать/éздить [319] 122

145 Functions of unidirectional verbs of motion [320] 122

146 Unidirectional verbs in frequentative contexts [321] 123

147 Functions of multidirectional verbs of motion [322] 123

148 Use of the past tense of a multidirectional verb to denote a single return journey. Perfectives of unidirectional verbs [323/326] 124

149 The verbs нестD, носDть; вестD, водDть; везтD, возDть.

Translation of ‘to drive’ [324–5] 125

150 Perfectives of multidirectional verbs [329] 126

151 Compound verbs of motion [331] 126

152 Prefi xed verbs of motion [332/334] 128

153 Spelling rules in the formation of compound verbs of motion [333] 129

154 Use of the imperfective past of a compound verb of motion to denote an action and its reverse [335] 129

155 Figurative and idiomatic uses of compound verbs of motion [336] 130

156 Perfectives in c- based on multidirectional verbs [337] 130

Participles

157 Present active participle. Formation and stress [340–1] 131

158 The past active participle. Formation and stress [342–3] 132

159 The imperfective passive participle. Formation and stress [344–7] 133

160 Formation of the perfective passive participle from infinitives in -ать/-ять [349] 134

161 Formation of the long-form (attributive) participle from verbs in -ать/-ять [351] 135

162 Formation of the short-form participle from second-conjugation verbs in -ить/-еть [352] 135

163 Consonant mutation in participles from second-conjugation infi nitives in -ить/-еть [353] 136

164 Formation of the long-form (attributive) participle from second-conjugation verbs in -ить/-еть [354] 137

165 Formation of perfective passive participles (short form) from verbs in -ти, -чь, -зть, -сть [355] 138

166 Long-form participles from verbs in -ти, -чь, -зть, -сть [356] 139

167 Perfective passive participles in -т [357] 140

168 The long form of participles in -т [358] 140

169 Functions of short-form participles [359] 140

170 Functions of long-form participles [360] 141

171 Agreement of long-form participle and noun [361] 143

172 Text on participles [339–66] 145

Gerunds

173 Formation of/stress in the imperfective gerund. Lack of an imperfective gerund [368–71] 146

174 Formation of the perfective gerund [372–6] 147

175 Functions of the gerunds [377] 148

176 Special features of constructions with gerunds [378] 149

The Adverb 150

177 Adverbs derived from adjectives/nouns [382–3] 150

178 Adverbs derived from pronouns [386] 151

179 Primary spatial adverbs [387] 152

180 Primary adverbs of time [388] 152

181 Ещё, ещё не, ещё раз [389–90] 153

182 The temporal adverbs дóлго, давнó and недáвно [391] 153

183 Тóже, тáкже [394] 154

184 Indefinite adverbs (adverbs in -то and -нибудь) [395] 154

185 The negative adverbs нигдé, никудá, ниоткýда, никогдá, никáк, нискóлько [396] 155

186 The negative adverbs нéгде, нéкуда, нéкогда, нéоткуда, нéзачем [397] 156

187 Comparative adverbs [398] 156

188 The superlative adverb [400] 157

The Preposition 158

189 The prepositions о/об/обо [402] 158

190 The mobile vowel -о [404] 158

Spatial Prepositions

191 В and на + prepositional/accusative, из/с + genitive [408] 159

192 The use of в and на with geographical terminology and the names of organizations, buildings and parts of buildings [409] 160

193 Nouns which may be used with в and на, but with different meanings [410] 162

194 Accusative of destination and genitive of withdrawal [411] 164

195 Uses of на when the dependent noun denotes an activity, event [412] 165

196 В and на: extension of the spatial meanings [413] 165

Prepositions that Denote the Position of an Object in Relation to Another Object

197 Зa + instrumental/accusative, из-за + genitive [414] 165

198 Перед + instrumental, впередD + genitive [416] 166

199 Под + instrumental/accusative, из-под + genitive [417] 166

200 Над + instrumental, повéрх + genitive [418] 167

Prepositions that Denote Spatial Closeness to an Object, Movement Towards or Away from an Object

201 У + genitive, к + dative, от + genitive [420] 168

Prepositions that Denote Along, Across, Through a Spatial Area

202 По + dative; через, сквòзь + accusative; поперёк, вдòль + genitive [424] 169

Temporal Prepositions

203 Telling the time [426] 170

204 Days [427] 171

205 Parts of a day [428] 172

206 Weeks, months, years and centuries [429] 172

207 Во врéмя, в течéние [430] 173

The Use of Prepositions to Denote Action in Relation to Various Time Limits

208 The use of с + genitive, до + genitive to denote terminal points in time [434] 174

209 Use of к + dative and под + accusative to denote temporal approach [435] 174

210 Use of в/за + accusative to denote the time taken to complete an action. Use of в + accusative to denote the period during which an action occurs a stated number of times [436–7] 175

211 Use of prepositions to denote sequence in time (before, after etc.) [439] 176

Other Meanings

212 Prepositions with causal meaning [443] 177

213 Prepositions that denote the object of feelings and attitudes [444] 178

214 Prepositions that denote extent [445] 178

215 Prepositions that denote purpose [446] 179

216 По + dative/accusative in distributive meaning [448] 179

Other Important Meanings Expressed by Prepositions

217 Prepositions that take the accusative [449] 179

218 Prepositions that take the genitive [450] 181

219 Prepositions that take the dative, instrumental or prepositional [451–3] 183

The Conjunction 185

Co-ordinating Conjunctions

220 Connective and adversative conjunctions [455–6] 185

221 Disjunctive conjunctions [457] 186

Subordinating Conjunctions

222 Explanatory conjunctions [458] 187

223 Conjunctions of purpose [460] 187

224 Temporal conjunctions. Introductory and those which render ‘before’, ‘after’, ‘until’, ‘since’ [465–6] 188

225 Other conjunctions of time [467] 189

The Particle 191

226 ‘Almost’, ‘only’ [471] 191

227 Modal functions of particles [472] 192

Word Order 194

228 ‘New’ and ‘given’ information [476] 194

229 Relative position of subject and verb [477] 195

230 Subject, verb, object [478] 196

231 The position of the adverb [480] 198

232 Sentences that contain more than one adverb or adverbial phrase [481] 199

Grammar Quiz 200

Key 202