Smart Grid: Technology and Applications

Preface xiii

Acknowledgements xv

List of abbreviations xvii

1 The Smart Grid 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Why implement the Smart Grid now? 2

1.3 What is the Smart Grid? 6

1.4 Early Smart Grid initiatives 7

1.5 Overview of the technologies required for the Smart Grid 12

References 14

Part I INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

2 Data communication 19

2.1 Introduction 19

2.2 Dedicated and shared communication channels 19

2.3 Switching techniques 23

2.4 Communication channels 25

2.5 Layered architecture and protocols 35

References 43

3 Communication technologies for the Smart Grid 45

3.1 Introduction 45

3.2 Communication technologies 46

3.3 Standards for information exchange 62

References 66

4 Information security for the Smart Grid 69

4.1 Introduction 69

4.2 Encryption and decryption 70

4.3 Authentication 76

4.4 Digital signatures 77

4.5 Cyber security standards 79

References 80

Part II SENSING, MEASUREMENT, CONTROL AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGIES

5 Smart metering and demand-side integration 83

5.1 Introduction 83

5.2 Smart metering 84

5.3 Smart meters: An overview of the hardware used 86

5.4 Communications infrastructure and protocols for smart metering 96

5.5 Demand-side integration 99

References 111

6 Distribution automation equipment 113

6.1 Introduction 113

6.2 Substation automation equipment 114

6.3 Faults in the distribution system 125

6.4 Voltage regulation 135

References 139

7 Distribution management systems 141

7.1 Introduction 141

7.2 Data sources and associated external systems 142

7.3 Modelling and analysis tools 144

7.4 Applications 165

References 171

8 Transmission system operation 173

8.1 Introduction 173

8.2 Data sources 173

8.3 Energy management systems 177

8.4 Wide area applications 179

8.5 Visualisation techniques 183

References 186

Part III POWER ELECTRONICS AND ENERGY STORAGE

9 Power electronic converters 189

9.1 Introduction 189

9.2 Current source converters 191

9.3 Voltage source converters 195

References 203

10 Power electronics in the Smart Grid 205

10.1 Introduction 205

10.2 Renewable energy generation 206

10.3 Fault current limiting 213

10.4 Shunt compensation 217

10.5 Series compensation 228

References 231

11 Power electronics for bulk power flows 233

11.1 Introduction 233

11.2 FACTS 234

11.3 HVDC 248

References 257

12 Energy storage 259

12.1 Introduction 259

12.2 Energy storage technologies 263

12.3 Case study 1: Energy storage for wind power 271

12.4 Case study 2: Agent-based control of electrical vehicle battery charging 273

References 277

Index 279