Acknowledgments.

Part I: The Status of Morality.

Introduction.

1. “Of the Influencing Motives of the Will” & “Moral Distinctions Not Derived from Reason”: David Hume.

2. A Critique of Ethics: A. J. Ayer.

3. The Subjectivity of Values: J. L. Mackie.

4. Ethics and Observation: Gilbert Harman.

5. Moral Relativism Defended: Gilbert Harman.

6. The Subject Matter of Ethics: G. E. Moore.

7. Trying Out One’s New Sword: Mary Midgley.

8. Ethics as Philosophy: A Defense of Ethical Nonnaturalism: Russ Shafer-Landau.

9. Realism: Michael Smith.

Part II: Moral Knowledge.

Introduction.

10. Thinking about Cases: Shelley Kagan.

11. But I Could Be Wrong: George Sher.

12. Proof: Renford Brambrough.

13. Moral Knowledge and Ethical Pluralism: Robert Audi.

14. Coherentism and the Justification of Moral Beliefs: Geoffrey Sayre-McCord.

Part III: Why Be Moral?.

Introduction.

15. The Immoralist’s Challenge: Plato.

16. Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives: Philippa Foot.

17. The Reconciliation Project: Gregory S. Kavka.

18. Moral Rationalism: Russ Shafer-Landau.

19. Psychological Egoism: Joel Feinberg.

20. Flourishing Egoism: Lester Hunt.

21. Ethical Egoism: James Rachels.

22. Moral Saints: Susan Wolf.

Part IV: Ethics and Religion.

Introduction.

23. Euthyphro: Plato.

24. A New Divine Command Theory: Robert Merrihew Adams.

25. God and Objective Morality: A Debate: William Lane Craig and Walter Sinnott-Armstrong.

26. God and Immortality as Postulates of Pure Practical Reason: Immanuel Kant.

27. God and the Moral Order: C. Stephen Layman.

28. God and Morality: Erik Wielenberg.

Part V: Value.

Introduction.

29. Hedonism: John Stuart Mill.

30. The Experience Machine: Robert Nozick.

31. The Good Life: A Defense of Attitudinal Hedonism: Fred Feldman.

32. The Informed Desire Account: James Griffin.

33. Desire and the Human Good: Richard Kraut.

34. What Things are Good?: W. D. Ross.

35. What Makes Someone’s Life Go Best: Derek Parfit.

Part VI: Moral Responsibility.

Introduction.

36. Determinism and the Theory of Agency: Richard Taylor.

37. The Impossibility of Moral Responsibility: Galen Strawson.

38. Freedom and Necessity: A. J. Ayer.

39. Moral Luck: Thomas Nagel.

40. Sanity and the Metaphysics of Responsibility: Susan Wolf.

41. Freedom and Resentment: Peter Strawson.

Part VII: Moral Standing.

Introduction.

42. We Have No Duties to Animals: Immanuel Kant.

43. All Animals are Equal: Peter Singer.

44. The Rights of Animals and Unborn Generations: Joel Feinberg.

45. On Being Morally Considerable: Kenneth Goodpaster.

46. Abortion and Infanticide: Michael Tooley.

47. Why Abortion is Immoral: Don Marquis.

Part VIII: Consequentialism.

Introduction.

48. Utilitarianism: John Stuart Mill.

49. The Consequentialist Perspective: William Shaw.

50. Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism: J. J. C. Smart.

51. Rule Consequentialism: Brad Hooker.

52. What is Wrong with Slavery: R. M. Hare.

53. Famine, Affluence and Morality: Peter Singer.

54. The Survival Lottery: John Harris.

Part IX: Deontology.

Introduction.

55. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals: Immanuel Kant.

56. Kant’s Principle of Universal Law: Christine Korsgaard.

57. Kantian Approaches to Some Famine Problems: Onora O’Neill.

58. The Rationality of Side Constraints: Robert Nozick.

59. The Golden Rule Rationalized: Alan Gewirth.

60. The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of Double Effect: Philippa Foot.

61. Killing, Letting Die, and The Trolley Problem: Judith Jarvis Thomson.

Part X: Contractarianism.

Introduction.

62. Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes.

63. Why Contractarianism?: David Gauthier.

64. A Theory of Justice: John Rawls.

65. Contractualism and Utilitarianism: T. M. Scanlon.

Part XI: Virtue Ethics.

Introduction.

66. The Nature of Virtue: Aristotle.

67. Non-Relative Virtues: An Aristotelian Approach: Martha Nussbaum.

68. Normative Virtue Ethics: Rosalind Hursthouse.

69. Agent-Based Virtue Ethics: Michael Slote.

70. A Virtue Ethical Account of Right Action: Christine Swanton.

71. Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing: Julia Annas.

Part XII: Prima Facie Duties and Particularism.

Introduction.

72. What Makes Right Actions Right?: W. D. Ross.

73. An Unconnected Heap of Duties?: David McNaughton.

74. An Unprincipled Ethic: Jonathan Dancy.

75. On Knowing the Why: Particularism and Moral Theory: Margaret Little.

76. Unprincipled Ethics: Gerald Dworkin