Preface  XIII

0 Introduction  1

0.1 Subject of the book  1

0.2 Units and symbols  1

0.3 References and literature  5

1 Performances 7

1.1 In general  7

1.2 Definitions and basic characteristics  7

1.3 Advantages  7

1.4 Performance arrays  7

1.5 Design based on performance metrics  10

1.5.1 The design process  10

1.5.2 Integrating a performance analysis  10

1.6 Impact on the building process  11

1.7 References and literature  11

2 Materials  13

2.1 In general  13

2.2 Array of material properties  13

2.3 Thermal insulation materials  14

2.3.1 Introduction  14

2.3.2 Apparent thermal conductivity 14

2.3.2.1 In general  14

2.3.2.2 Impact of the transport modes  14

2.3.3 Other properties  19

2.3.3.1 Mechanical  19

2.3.3.2 Physical  19

2.3.3.3 Fire  20

2.3.3.4 Sensitivity to temperature, IR and UV  20

2.3.4 Materials  20

2.3.4.1 Insulating building materials  20

2.3.4.2 Insulation materials  23

2.3.4.3 Insulating systems  34

2.3.4.4 Recent developments  35

2.4 Water, vapour and air flow control layers  37

2.4.1 In general  37

2.4.2 Water barriers  38

2.4.2.1 A short history  38

2.4.2.2 Bituminous membranes  39

2.4.2.3 Polymer-bituminous membranes  39

2.4.2.4 High-polymer membranes  41

2.4.3 Vapour retarders and vapour barriers  42

2.4.4 Air barriers  44

2.5 Joints  44

2.5.1 In general  44

2.5.2 Joint solutions and joint finishing options  45

2.5.3 Performance requirements 46

2.5.3.1 Mechanical  46

2.5.3.2 Building physics related  46

2.5.4 Sealant classification  46

2.5.5 Load and sealant choice  48

2.5.6 Structural design of sealed joints  49

2.5.7 Points of attention  50

2.6 References and literature  51

3 Excavations and building pit  55

3.1 In general  55

3.2 Realisation  55

4 Foundations  57

4.1 In general  57

4.2 Performance evaluation  57

4.2.1 Structural integrity  57

4.2.1.1 Equilibrium load bearing capacity  57

4.2.1.2 Settling load bearing capacity  58

4.2.2 Building physics  60

4.2.3 Durability  60

4.3 Foundation systems  61

4.3.1 In general  61

4.3.2 Spread foundations  61

4.3.2.1 Footings  61

4.3.2.2 Foundation slabs  63

4.3.2.3 Soil consolidation  63

4.3.3 Deep foundations  63

4.3.3.1 Wells  63

4.3.3.2 Piles  64

4.4 Specific problems  65

4.4.1 Eccentrically loaded footings  65

4.4.2 Footings under large openings 66

4.4.3 Reinforcing and/or deepening existing foundations  66

4.4.3.1 Footings  66

4.4.3.2 Wells  67

4.4.3.3 Pressed piles 67

4.5 References and literature  68

5 Building parts on and below grade  69

5.1 In general  69

5.2 Performance evaluation  69

5.2.1 Structural integrity  69

5.2.1.1 Static stability  69

5.2.1.2 Strength and stiffness  70

5.2.2 Building physics, heat, air, moisture  71

5.2.2.1 Air tightness 71

5.2.2.2 Thermal transmittance  73

5.2.2.3 Transient response  88

5.2.2.4 Moisture tolerance  91

5.2.2.5 Thermal bridging  98

5.2.3 Building physics: acoustics  100

5.2.4 Durability  101

5.2.5 Fire safety  101

5.2.6 Soil gases  101

5.3 Design and execution  101

5.3.1 Basements  101

5.3.2 Drainages  102

5.3.2.1 In general  102

5.3.2.2 Properties  103

5.3.2.3 Design  103

5.3.3 Waterproof encasement  105

5.3.3.1 Inside  105

5.3.3.2 Outside  107

5.3.4 Waterproof concrete  108

5.4 References and literature  109

6 Structural options  111

6.1 In general  111

6.2 Performance evaluation  112

6.2.1 Structural integrity  112

6.2.2 Fire safety  113

6.3 Structural system design  115

6.3.1 Vertical loads  115

6.3.2 Horizontal load  116

6.3.2.1 Massive structures  116

6.3.2.2 Skeleton structures  119

6.3.3 Dynamic horizontal loads  121

6.4 References and literature  121

7 Floors  123

7.1 In general  123

7.2 Performance evaluation  124

7.2.1 Structural integrity  124

7.2.2 Building physics: heat-air-moisture  125

7.2.2.1 Air tightness  125

7.2.2.2 Thermal transmittance  126

7.2.2.3 Transient response  128

7.2.2.4 Moisture tolerance  129

7.2.2.5 Thermal bridging  135

7.2.3 Building physics: acoustics  136

7.2.3.1 Airborne noise 136

7.2.3.2 Impact noise  136

7.2.4 Durability  137

7.2.5 Fire safety 138

7.3 Design and execution 139

7.3.1 In general  139

7.3.2 Timber floors  140

7.3.2.1 Span below 6 m  140

7.3.2.2 Spans above 6 m  142

7.3.3 Concrete slabs and prefabricated structural floor units  142

7.3.3.1 Span below 6 m  142

7.3.3.2 Span above 6 m  145

7.3.4 Steel floors  146

7.3.4.1 Span below 6 m  146

7.3.4.2 Span above 6 m  146

7.4 References and literature  147

8 Outer wall requirements  149

8.1 In general  149

8.2 Performance evaluation  149

8.2.1 Structural integrity  149

8.2.2 Building physics: heat, air, moisture 150

8.2.2.1 Air tightness  150

8.2.2.2 Thermal transmittance  151

8.2.2.3 Transient response  152

8.2.2.4 Moisture tolerance  153

8.2.2.5 Thermal bridging 153

8.2.3 Building physics: acoustics  153

8.2.4 Durability 154

8.2.5 Fire safety  155

8.2.6 Maintenance and economy  155

8.3 References and literature  155

9 Massive outer walls  157

9.1 Traditional masonry walls 157

9.1.1 In general  157

9.1.2 Performance evaluation  157

9.1.2.1 Building physics: heat, air, moisture 157

9.1.2.2 Building physics: acoustics  160

9.1.2.3 Durability 160

9.1.2.4 Fire safety  160

9.1.3 Conclusion  160

9.2 Massive light-weight walls  160

9.2.1 In general  160

9.2.2 Performance evaluation  161

9.2.2.1 Structural integrity  161

9.2.2.2 Building physics: heat, air, moisture 162

9.2.2.3 Building physics: acoustics  170

9.2.2.4 Durability  171

9.2.2.5 Fire safety  172

9.2.2.6 Maintenance  172

9.2.3 Design and execution 172

9.2.3.1 In general  172

9.2.3.2 Specific  173

9.3 Massive walls with inside insulation  174

9.3.1 In general  174

9.3.2 Performance evaluation  174

9.3.2.1 Structural integrity 174

9.3.2.2 Building physics: heat, air, moisture 174

9.3.2.3 Building physics: acoustics  190

9.3.2.4 Durability 190

9.3.2.5 Fire safety  191

9.3.2.6 Global conclusion  192

9.3.3 Design and execution  192

9.4 Massive walls with outside insulation  194

9.4.1 In general  194

9.4.2 Performance evaluation  195

9.4.2.1 Structural integrity  195

9.4.2.2 Building physics: heat, air, moisture 195

9.4.2.3 Building physics: acoustics  206

9.4.2.4 Durability  207

9.4.2.5 Fire safety  209

9.4.2.6 Maintenance  209

9.4.2.7 Global conclusion  209

9.4.3 Design and execution  209

9.4.3.1 Clad stud systems  209

9.4.3.2 EIFS-systems  210

9.5 References and literature  212

10 Cavity walls  215

10.1 In general 215

10.2 Performance evaluation  217

10.2.1 Structural integrity  217

10.2.2 Building physics: heat, air, moisture 218

10.2.2.1 Air tightness  218

10.2.2.2 Thermal transmittance  221

10.2.2.3 Transient response  234

10.2.2.4 Moisture tolerance  235

10.2.2.5 Thermal bridges  244

10.2.3 Building physics: acoustics  244

10.2.4 Durability  245

10.2.1 Fire safety  246

10.2.1 Maintenance  246

10.3 Design and execution  247

10.3.1 New construction  247

10.3.1.1 Airtight, as few thermal bridges as possible  247

10.3.1.2 Correct cavity trays where needed  248

10.3.1.3 Excluding air looping and wind washing 249

10.3.2 Post-filling existing cavity walls 250

10.4 References and literature  251

11 Panelized massive outer walls  255

11.1 In general 255

11.2 Performance evaluation  256

11.2.1 Structural integrity  256

11.2.2 Building physics: heat, air, moisture 257

11.2.2.1 Air tightness  257

11.2.2.2 Thermal transmittance  257

11.2.2.3 Transient response  259

11.2.2.4 Moisture tolerance  259

11.2.2.5 Thermal bridging 260

11.2.3 Building physics: acoustics  260

11.2.4 Durability  260

11.2.5 Fire safety  261

11.2.6 Maintenance  261

11.3 Design and execution  261

11.4 References and literature  262