List of Symbols and Abbreviations.

1 Historical Development of Wastewater Collection and Treatment.

1.1 Water Supply and Wastewater Management in Antiquity.

1.2 Water Supply and Wastewater Management in the Medieval Age.

1.3 First Studies in Microbiology.

1.4 Wastewater Management by Direct Discharge into Soil and Bodies of Water – The First Studies.

1.5 Mineralization of Organics in Rivers, Soils or by Experiment – A Chemical or Biological Process?

1.6 Early Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes.

1.7 The Cholera Epidemics – Were They Caused by Bacteria Living in the Soil or Water?

1.8 Early Experiments with the Activated Sludge Process.

1.9 Taking Samples and Measuring Pollutants.

1.10 Early Regulations for the Control of Wastewater Discharge.

References.

2 Wastewater Characterization and Regulations.

2.1 Volumetric Wastewater Production and Daily Changes.

2.2 Pollutants.

2.3 Methods for Measuring Dissolved Organic Substances as Total Parameters.

2.4 Legislation.

References.

3 Microbial Metabolism.

3.1 Some Remarks on the Composition and Morphology of Bacteria (Eubacteria).

3.2 Proteins and Nucleic Acids.

3.3 Catabolism and Anabolism.

References.

4 Determination of Stoichiometric Equations for Catabolism and Anabolism.

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Aerobic Degradation of Organic Substances.

4.3 Measurement of O₂ Consumption Rate r_O₂,S and CO₂ Production Rate r_CO₂,S.

Problems.

References.

5 Gas/Liquid Oxygen Transfer and Stripping.

5.1 Transport by Diffusion.

5.2 Mass Transfer Coefficients.

5.3 Measurement of Specific Overall Mass Transfer Coefficients K_La.

5.4 Oxygen Transfer Rate, Energy Consumption and Efficiency in Large-scale Plants.

5.5 Dimensional Analysis and Transfer of Models.

Problem.

References.

6 Aerobic Wastewater Treatment in Activated Sludge Systems.

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Kinetic and Reaction Engineering Models With and Without Oxygen Limitation.

6.3 Retention Time Distribution in Activated Sludge Reactors.

6.4 Technical Scale Activated Sludge Systems for Carbon Removal.

Problems.

References.

7 Aerobic Treatment with Biofilm Systems.

7.1 Biofilms.

7.2 Biofilm Reactors for Wastewater Treatment.

7.3 Mechanisms for Oxygen Mass Transfer in Biofilm Systems.

7.4 Models for Oxygen Mass Transfer Rates in Biofilm Systems.

Problems.

References.

8 Anaerobic Degradation of Organics.

8.1 Catabolic Reactions – Cooperation of Different Groups of Bacteria.

8.2 Kinetics – Models and Coefficients.

8.3 Catabolism and Anabolism.

8.4 High-rate Processes.

Problem.

References.

9 Biodegradation of Special Organic Compounds.

9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Chlorinated Compounds.

9.3 Nitroaromatics.

9.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Mineral Oils.

9.5 Azo Reactive Dyes.

9.6 Final Remarks.

References.

10 Biological Nutrient Removal.

10.1 Introduction.

10.2 Biological Nitrogen Removal.

10.3 Biological Phosphorus Removal.

10.4 Biological Nutrient Removal Processes.

10.5 Phosphorus and Nitrogen Recycle.

Problems.

References.

11 Modelling of the Activated Sludge Process.

11.1 Why We Need Mathematical Models.

11.2 Models Describing Carbon and Nitrogen Removal.

11.3 Models for Optimizing the Activated Sludge Process.

Problems.

References.

12 Membrane Technology in Biological Wastewater Treatment.

12.1 Introduction.

12.2 Mass Transport Mechanism.

12.3 Mass Transfer Resistance Mechanisms.

12.4 Performance and Module Design.

12.5 Membrane Bioreactors.

Problems.

References.

13 Production Integrated Water Management and Decentralized Effluent Treatment.

13.1 Introduction.

13.2 Production Integrated Water Management in the Chemical Industry.

13.3 Decentralized Effluent Treatment.

Problems.

References.

Subject Index.