Contributors ((Peinemann Vol. 1)).

1 Membranes in Hemodialysis (Jorg Vienken).

1.1 Introduction.

1.2 Historical Achievements.

1.3 Membranes for Hemodialysis: Polymers and Nomenclature.

1.3.1 Membranes from Regenerated Cellulose.

1.3.2 Synthetic Membranes.

1.4 Dialyzer Constructions.

1.4.1 Hollow Fiber Dialyzers.

1.4.2 Housing.

1.4.3 Potting Material.

1.4.4 Fiber Bundle.

1.5 Dialysis Membranes and Performance: Principles of Membrane Transport.

1.6 Dialysis Membranes and Biocompatibility.

1.6.1 Some Basic Information on Membranes and Biocompatibility Parameters.

1.6.2 Thrombogenicity of Different Types of Dialyzers and Filters.

1.6.3 Complement Activation by Different Dialyzers and Filters.

1.6.4 Cell Activation by Different Types of Dialyzers and Hemofilters.

1.6.5 Oxygen Species Production – Induction of Oxidative Stress.

1.6.6 Stimulation of Cytokine Generation by Different Types of Dialyzers and Hemofilters.

1.6.7 The Impact of Large-Pore Dialysis Membranes on the Inflammatory Response in HD Patients by Cytokine Elimination.

1.6.8 The Effect of Different Dialyzers on the Acute Phase Reaction.

1.6.9 Activation of the Kinin System by Different Types of Dialyzersand Hemofilters.

1.7 Conclusion.

2 Membranes for Artificial Lungs (Frank Wiese).

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 History of Blood Oxygenation.

2.2.1 Membrane Oxygenators.

2.3 Principle of Gas Transfer.

2.4 Membranes and Membrane Properties.

2.4.1 Microporous Membranes.

2.4.2 Dense Membranes/‘‘Diffusion Membranes’’.

2.5 Membrane Production.

2.6 Operational Modes and Membrane Makeup in Oxygenators.

2.6.1 Microporous Capillary Membranes, Blood Inside.

2.6.2 Microporous Capillary Membranes, Blood Outside.

2.7 Extracorporeal Circulation.

2.7.1 Cardiodiapulmonary Bypass (CPB).

2.7.2 Lung Support Systems.

3 Membranes for Blood Fractionation/Apheresis (Frank Wiese).

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 History of Plasmapheresis.

3.3 Principles of Plasmapheresis.

3.4 Membranes and Membrane Properties.

3.4.1 Plasma Separation Membranes.

3.4.2 Plasma Fractionation Membranes.

3.5 Membrane Production.

3.6 Operational Modes in Plasmapheresis Procedures.

3.7 Medical Indications for Blood Plasma Treatment.

4 Membranes in the Biopharmaceutical Industry (Anthony Allegrezza, Todd Ireland, Willem Kools, Michael Phillips,Bala Raghunath, Randy Wilkins, Alex Xenopoulos).

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Microfiltration Membranes Used in the Biotech Industry.

4.2.1 Introduction.

4.2.2 Microfiltration Membranes: Development of IndustrialMembranes.

4.2.3 Effect of Membrane Structure on Properties.

4.2.4 Aspects of Cartridge Design.

4.2.5 Membrane Surface Modification.

4.2.6 Sterilizing Filters.

4.3 Practical Membrane Considerations for Sterile Filtration by Microporous Membranes.

4.3.1 Sterile Filtration Process Considerations.

4.4 Ultrafiltration and Virus Filtration Membranes forBiopharmaceutical Applications.

4.4.1 Ultrafiltration Membranes.

4.4.2 Virus Filtration Membranes.

4.5 Applications of Ultrafiltration Membranes in Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing.

4.5.1 Ultrafiltration Theory.

4.5.2 Typical Ultrafiltration Process.

4.5.3 Processing Plan Optimization.

4.5.5 System Considerations.

4.6 Practical Aspects of Virus Filtration Process Design and Implementation.

4.6.1 Membrane Selection.

4.6.2 Process Development and Optimization.

4.6.3 Capacity.

4.6.4 Small-Scale Simulation.

4.6.5 Pilot-Scale Studies.

4.6.6 Virus Validation Studies.

4.6.7 Implementation.

4.7 Membrane Adsorbers.

4.7.1 Membrane Chemistries.

4.7.2 Current Applications.

4.7.3 Future Trends.

5 Membrane Applications in Red and White Biotechnology (Stephan Lutz, Nagaraj Rao).

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Types of Membrane Processes in Red and WhiteBiotechnology.

5.2.1 Bubble-Free Aeration.

5.2.2 Filtration Processes.

5.2.3 Dialysis and Electrodialysis.

5.2.4 Adsorption of Microorganisms.

5.3 Examples of Membrane Processes in Biotechnology.

5.3.1 Bubble-Free Gassing.

5.3.2 Membranes for Cell Retention.

5.3.3 Membranes for Enzyme Retention.

5.3.4 Membranes for Cofactor Retention.

5.3.5 Application of Dialysis and Electrodialysis in Biotransformations.

5.3.6 Application of Pervaporation and Stripping inBiotransformations.

5.3.7 Nanofiltration and Ultrafiltration in Biotechnology.

5.3.8 Bioelectrochemical Applications.

5.4 Summary.

5.5 Acknowledgment.

4.5.4 Scale-up Considerations.

6 Membranes in Controlled Release (Nicholas A. Peppas, Kristy M. Wood, J. Brock Thomas).

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Controlled Release Kinetics.

6.2.1 Diffusion in Membrane-Controlled Release.

6.2.2 Physical Parameters of Controlling Release.

6.3 Membranes and Solute Transport.

6.3.1 Characterization of Membranes.

6.3.2 Solute Transport in Network Membranes.

6.4 Applications in Drug Delivery.

7 Drug Delivery Through Skin: Overcoming the UltimateBiological Membrane (Dimitrios F. Stamatialis).

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Human Skin – Fundamentals of Skin Permeation.

7.2.1 Human Skin Structure.

7.2.2 Stratum Corneum – Main Drug Barrier.

7.2.3 Drug Transport Through the Skin.

7.3 Transdermal Drug Delivery System – Structure/Design.

7.3.1 Passive TDD Systems.

7.4 Conclusions and Outlook.

8 Application of Membranes in Tissue Engineeringand Biohybrid Organ Technology (Thomas Groth, Zhen-Mei Liu).

8.1 Introduction.

8.1.1 Application of Membranes in Blood Detoxification.

8.1.2 Requirements to Support Adhesion and Function of Cells.

8.2 Application of Membranes in Tissue Engineering.

8.2.1 Introduction to Tissue Engineering and MembraneApplications.

8.2.2 Tissue Engineering of Skin.

8.2.3 Tissue Engineering of Bone.

8.2.4 Further Tissue Engineering Applications of Membranes.

8.3 Membranes in Biohybrid Organ Technology.

8.3.1 Organ Failure and Biohybrid Organ Technology.

8.3.2 Biohybrid Liver.

8.3.3 Biohybrid Kidney.

8.4 Summary and Conclusions.

8.5 Acknowledgments.

9 Membranes in Bioartificial Pancreas – An Overviewof the Development of a Bioartificial Pancreas, as a Treatmentof Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (Ana Isabel Silva, Antonio Norton de Matos, I. Gabrielle M. Brons,Marılia Clemente Velez Mateus).

9.1 Introduction.

9.1.1 Diabetes and Its Treatment.

9.1.2 The Bioartificial Organ Concept.

9.2 Bioartificial Pancreas.

9.2.1 Immunoprotection and Biocompatibility of Implanted Devices.

9.2.2 Vascular Devices.

9.2.3 Extravascular Devices.

9.2.4 Influence of Recipients Sensitization to Donor Antigens inGraft Survival.

9.2.5 Islet Oxygenation Studies.

9.3 Final Comments.

9.4 Acknowledgment.

Index.