 Neutrons and Synchrotron Radiation in Engineering Materials Science
ISBN: 978-3-527-31533-8
Hardcover
460 pages
March 2008
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List of Contributors.
Part I General.
1 Microstructure and Properties of Engineering Materials (Helmut Clemens and Christina Scheu).
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Microstructure.
1.3 Microstructure and Properties.
1.4 Microstructural Characterization.
References.
2 Internal Stresses in Engineering Materials (Anke Rita Pyzalla)
2.1 Definition.
2.2 Origin of Residual Macro- and Microstresses.
2.3 Relevance.
References.
3 Texture and Texture Analysis in Engineering Materials (Heinz-Gu¨nter Brokmeier and Sang-Bong Yi)
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Pole Figures.
3.3 Texture Measurements on Laboratory Scale.
3.4 Texture Measurements at Large-Scale Facilities.
References.
4 Physical Properties of Photons and Neutrons (Andreas Schreyer).
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Interaction of X-Ray Photons and Neutrons with Individual Atoms.
4.3 Scattering of X-Ray Photons and Neutrons from Ensembles of Atoms.
References.
5 Radiation Sources.
5.1 Generation and Properties of Neutrons (Wolfgang Knop, Philipp Klaus Pranzas, and Peter Schreiner).
5.2 Production and Properties of Synchrotron Radiation (Rolf Treusch).
Part II Methods.
6 Introduction to Diffraction Methods for Internal Stress Analyses (Walter Reimers).
6.1 General Aspects.
6.2 Principles of Diffraction Methods.
6.3 Principles of Strain Determination by Diffraction Methods.
6.4 Determination of the Stress-Free Interplanar Lattice Distance d0.
6.5 sin2 Ψ-Technique.
6.6 Nonlinear Lattice Strain Distributions.
6.7 Diffraction Elastic Constants.
6.8 Experimental Set-up and Measuring Procedures.
6.9 Overview on In-depth and Local Residual Stress Analysis.
7 Stress Analysis by Angle-Dispersive Neutron Diffraction (Peter Staron).
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Diffractometer for Residual Stress Analysis.
7.3 Measurement and Data Analysis.
7.4 Examples.
7.5 Summary and Outlook.
8 Stress Analysis by Energy-Dispersive Neutron Diffraction (Javier Roberto Santisteban).
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Time-of-Flight Neutron Diffraction.
8.3 TOF Strain Scanners.
8.4 A Virtual Laboratory for Strain Scanning.
8.5 Evolution of Intergranular Stresses.
8.6 TOF Transmission Analysis.
8.7 Conclusions.
9 Residual Stress Analysis by Monochromatic High-Energy X-rays (René Valéry Martins).
9.1 Basic Set-ups.
9.2 Principle of Slit Imaging and Data Reconstruction.
9.3 The Conical Slit.
9.4 The Spiral Slit.
9.5 Simultaneous Strain Measurements in Individual Bulk Grains.
9.6 Coarse Grain Effects.
9.7 Analysis of Diffraction Data from Area Detectors.
9.8 Matrix for Comparison and Decision Taking Which Technique to Use for a Specific Problem.
10 Residual Stress Analysis by White High Energy X-Rays.
10.1 Reflection Mode (Christoph Genzel).
10.2 Transmission Mode (Anke Rita Pyzalla).
11 Diffraction Imaging for Microstructure Analysis (Thomas Wroblewski).
11.1 Introduction, the Principle of Diffraction Imaging.
11.2 The MAXIM Experiment at HASYLAB Beamline G3.
11.3 Data Structure.
11.4 Strategies for Data Reduction and Visualization.
11.5 Outlook, Bulk Imaging.
12 Basics of Small-Angle Scattering Methods (Philipp Klaus Pranzas).
12.1 Common Features of a SAS Instrument.
12.2 Contrast.
12.3 Scattering Curve.
12.4 Power Law/Scattering by Fractal Systems.
12.5 Guinier and Porod Approximations.
12.6 Macroscopic Differential Scattering Cross Section.
12.7 Model Calculation of Size Distributions.
12.8 Magnetic Structures.
13 Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (Philipp Klaus Pranzas).
13.1 Nanocrystalline Magnesium Hydride for the Reversible Storage of Hydrogen.
13.2 Precipitates in Steel.
13.3 SiO2 Nanoparticles in a Polymer Matrix – an Industrial Application.
13.4 Green Surfactants.
14 Decomposition Kinetics in Copper–Cobalt Alloy Systems: Applications of Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (Gu¨nter Goerigk).
14.1 Introduction.
14.2 ASAXS Fundamentals.
14.3 Results of ASAXS Experiments Characterizing the Decomposition in Copper–Cobalt Alloys.
14.4 Outlook.
14.5 Summary.
15 B3 Imaging (Wolfgang Treimer).
15.1 Radiography.
15.2 Tomography.
15.3 New Developments in Neutron Tomography.
16 Neutron and Synchrotron-Radiation-Based Imaging for Applications in Materials Science – From Macro- to Nanotomography (Felix Beckmann).
16.1 Introduction.
16.2 Parallel-Beam Tomography.
16.3 Macrotomography Using Neutrons.
16.4 Microtomography Using Synchrotron Radiation.
16.5 Summary and Outlook.
17 μ-Tomography of Engineering Materials (Astrid Haibel).
17.1 Advantages of Synchrotron Tomography.
17.2 Applications and 3D Image Analysis.
17.3 Image Artifacts.
18 Diffraction Enhanced Imaging (Michael Lohmann).
18.1 Introduction.
18.2 Experimental Set-up.
18.3 Examples.
18.4 Conclusions.
References.
Part III New and Emerging Methods.
19 3D X-ray Diffraction Microscope (Henning Friis Poulsen, Wolfgang Ludwig, and Søren Schmidt).
19.1 Basic Set-up and Strategy.
19.2 Indexing and Characterization of Average Properties of Each Grain.
19.3 Mapping of Grains and Orientations.
19.4 Combining 3DXRD and Tomography.
20 3D Micron-Resolution Laue Diffraction (Gene E. Ice).
20.1 Introduction.
20.2 Theoretical Basis for Advanced Polychromatic Microdiffraction.
20.3 Technical Developments for an Automated 3D Probe.
20.4 Research Examples.
20.5 Future Prospects and Opportunities.
21 Quantitative Analysis of Three-Dimensional Plastic Strain Fields Using Markers and X-ray Absorption Tomography (Kristoffer Haldrup and John A. Werty).
21.1 Introduction.
21.2 Experimental Approach.
21.3 Results of Investigations.
21.4 Outlook.
22 Combined Diffraction and Tomography (Anke Rita Pyzalla and Augusta Isaac).
22.1 Introduction.
22.2 Experimental Set-up.
22.3 Example: Combined Diffraction and Tomography for Investigating Creep Damage Evolution.
22.4 Conclusions and Outlook.
Part IV Industrial Applications.
23 Diffraction-Based Residual Stress Analysis Applied to Problems in the Aircraft Industry (Peter Staron, Funda S. Bayraktar, Mustafa Koc¸ak, Andreas Schreyer, Ulrike Cihak, Helmut Clemens, and Martin Stockinger).
23.1 Motivation.
23.2 Residual Stresses in Turbine Disks.
23.3 Residual Stresses in Laser-Welded Al Joints.
23.4 Conclusions.
24 Optimization of Residual Stresses in Crankshafts (Anke Rita Pyzalla).
24.1 Introduction.
24.2 Experimental Determination of Residual Stresses in Crankshafts.
24.3 Experimental Results and Implications.
24.4 Conclusions.
References.
Index.
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