Handbook of Nanoscopy, 2 Volume Set

VOLUME 1

 

PREFACE

 

THE PAST, THE PRESENT, AND THE FUTURE OF NANOSCOPY

 

PART I: Methods

 

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Introduction

The Instrument

Imaging and Diffraction Modes

Dynamical Diffraction Theory

 

ATOMIC RESOLUTION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Introduction

Principles of Linear Image Formation

Imaging in the Electron Microscope

Experimental HREM

Quantitative HREM

 

ULTRAHIGH-RESOLUTION TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AT NEGATIVE SPHERICAL ABERRATION

Introduction

The Principles of Atomic-Resolution Imaging

Inversion of the Imaging Process

Case Study: SrTiO3

Practical Examples of Application of NCSI Imaging

 

Z-CONTRAST IMAGING

Recent Progress

Introduction to the Instrument

Imaging in the STEM

Future Outlook

 

ELECTRON HOLOGRAPHY

Image-Plane Off-Axis Holography Using the Electron Biprism

Properties of the Reconstructed Wave

Holographic Investigations

Special Techniques

Summary

 

LORENTZ MICROSCOPY AND ELECTRON HOLOGRAPHY OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS

Introduction

Lorentz Microscopy

Off-Axis Electron Holography

Discussion and Conclusions

 

ELECTRON TOMOGRAPHY

History and Background

Theory of Tomography

Electron Tomography, Missing Wedge, and Imaging Modes

STEM Tomography and Applications

Hollow-Cone DF Tomography

Diffraction Contrast Tomography

Electron Holographic Tomography

Inelastic Electron Tomography

Advanced Reconstruction Techniques

Quantification and Atomic Resolution Tomography

 

STATISTICAL PARAMETER ESTIMATION THEORY -  A TOOL FOR QUANTITATIVE ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Introduction

Methodology

Electron Microscopy Applications

Conclusions

 

DYNAMIC TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Introduction

Time-Resolved Studies Using Electrons

Building a DTEM

Applications of DTEM

Future Developments for DTEM

Conclusions

 

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AS NANOLAB

TEM and Measuring the Electrical Properties

TEM with MEMS-Based Heaters

TEM with Gas Nanoreactors

TEM with Liquid Nanoreactors

TEM and Measuring Optical Properties

Sample Preparation for Nanolab Experiments

 

ATOMIC-RESOLUTION ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Introduction

Atomic-Resolution ETEM

Development of Atomic-Resolution ETEM

Experimental Procedures

Applications with Examples

Nanoparticles and Catalytic Materials

Oxides

In situ Atomic Scale Twinning Transformations in Metal Carbides

Dynamic Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

Technological Benefits of Atomic-Resolution ETEM

Other Advances

Reactions in the Liquid Phase

In situ Studies with Aberration Correction

Examples and Discussion

Applications to Biofuels

Conclusions

 

SPECKLES IN IMAGES AND DIFFRACTION PATTERNS

Introduction

What Is Speckle?

What Causes Speckle?

Diffuse Scattering

From Bragg Reflections to Speckle

Coherence

Fluctuation Electron Microscopy

Variance versus Mean

Speckle Statistics

Possible Future Directions for Electron Speckle Analysis

 

COHERENT ELECTRON DIFFRACTIVE IMAGING

Introduction

Coherent Nanoarea Electron Diffraction

The Noncrystallographic Phase Problem

Coherent Diffractive Imaging of Finite Objects

Phasing Experimental Diffraction Pattern

Conclusions

 

SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Introduction

Indirect Preparation Methods

Direct Preparation Methods

Summary

 

SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY - HISTORY, BACKGROUND, AND STATE OF THE ART

Introduction

Detecting Evanescent Waves by Near-Field Microscopy: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Interaction of Tip - Sample Electrons Detected by Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy

Methods for the Detection of Electric/Electronic Sample Properties

Methods for the Detection of Electromechanical and Thermoelastic Quantities

Advanced SFM/SEM Microscopy

 

SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY - FORCES AND CURRENTS IN THE NANOSCALE WORLD

Introduction

Scanning Probe Microscopy-the Science of Localized Probes

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Related Techniques

Force-Based SPM Measurements

Voltage Modulation SPMs

Current Measurements in SPM

Emergent SPM Methods

Manipulation of Matter by SPM

Perspectives

 

SCANNING BEAM METHODS

Scanning Microscopy

Conclusions

 

FUNDAMENTALS OF THE FOCUSED ION BEAM SYSTEM

Focused Ion Beam Principles

FIB Techniques

 

VOLUME 2

 

PREFACE

 

LOW-ENERGY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Introduction

Theoretical Foundations

Instrumentation

Areas of Application

Discussion

Concluding Remarks

 

SPIN-POLARIZED LOW-ENERGY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Introduction

Theoretical Foundations

Instrumentation

Areas of Application

Discussion

Concluding Remarks

 

IMAGING SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROSCOPY

Fundamentals

SIMS Techniques

Biological SIMS

Conclusions

 

SOFT X-RAY IMAGING AND SPECTROMICROSCOPY

Introduction

Experimental Techniques

Data Analysis Methods

Selected Applications

Future Outlook and Summary

 

ATOM PROBE TOMOGRAPHY: PRINCIPLE AND APPLICATIONS

Introduction

Basic Principles

Field Ion Microscopy

Atom Probe Tomography

Conclusion

 

SIGNAL AND NOISE MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION IN MRI

Probability Density Functions in MRI

Signal Amplitude Estimation

Noise Variance Estimation

Conclusions

 

3-D SURFACE RECONSTRUCTION FROM STEREO SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IMAGES

Introduction

Matching Stereo Images

Conclusions

 

PART II: Applications

 

NANOPARTICLES

Introduction

Imaging Nanoparticles

Electron Tomography of Nanoparticles

Nanoanalytical Characterization of Nanoparticles

In situ TEM Characterization of Nanoparticles

 

NANOWIRES AND NANOTUBES

Introduction

Structures of Nanowires and Nanotubes

Defects in Nanowires

In situ Observation of the Growth Process of Nanowires and Nanotubes

In situ Electric Transport Property of Carbon Nanotubes

In situ TEM Investigation of Electrochemical Properties of Nanowires

Summary

 

CARBON NANOFORMS

Imaging Carbon Nanoforms Using Conventional Electron Microscopy

Analysis of Carbon Nanoforms Using Aberration-Corrected Electron Microscopes

Ultrafast Electron Microscopy

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)

Scanning Photocurrent Microscopy (SPCM)

X-Ray Electrostatic Force Microscopy (X-EFM)

Atomic Force Microscopy

Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope

Tip-Enhanced Raman and Confocal Microscopy

Tip-Enhanced Photoluminescence Microscopy

Fluorescence Quenching Microscopy

Fluorescence Microscopy

Single-Shot Extreme Ultraviolet Laser Imaging

Nanoscale Soft X-Ray Imaging

Scanning Photoelectron Microscopy

 

METALS AND ALLOYS

Formation of Nanoscale Deformation Twins by Shockley Partial Dislocation Passage

Minimal Strain at Austenite-Martensite Interface in Ti-Ni-Pd

Atomic Structure of Ni4Ti3 Precipitates in Ni-Ti

Ni-Ti Matrix Deformation and Concentration Gradients in the Vicinity of Ni4Ti3 Precipitates

Elastic Constant Measurements of Ni4Ti3 Precipitates

New APB-Like Defect in Ti-Pd Martensite Determined by HRSTEM

Strain Effects in Metallic Nanobeams

Adiabatic Shear Bands in Ti6Al4V

Electron Tomography

The Ultimate Resolution

 

IN SITU TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ON METALS

Introduction

In situ TEM Experiments

Grain Boundary Dislocation Dynamics Metals

In situ TEM Tensile Experiments

In situ TEM Compression Experiments

Conclusions

 

SEMICONDUCTORS AND SEMICONDUCTING DEVICES

Introduction

Nanoscopic Applications on Silicon-Based Semiconductor Devices

Conclusions

 

COMPLEX OXIDE MATERIALS

Introduction

Aberration-Corrected Spectrum Imaging in the STEM

Imaging of Oxygen Lattice Distortions in Perovskites and Oxide Thin Films and Interfaces

Atomic-Resolution Effects in the Fine Structure - Further Insights into Oxide Interface Properties

Applications of Ionic Conductors: Studies of Colossal Ionic Conductivity in Oxide Superlattices

Applications of Cobaltites: Spin-State Mapping with Atomic Resolution

Summary

 

APPLICATION OF TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IN THE RESEARCH OF INORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC MATERIALS

Introduction

Experimental

Atomic Structure and Electronic Properties of c-Si/a-Si:H Heterointerfaces

Interfaces and Defects in CdTe Solar Cells

Influences of Oxygen on Interdiffusion at CdS/CdTe Heterojunctions

Microstructure Evolution of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Films fromCu Rich to In Rich

Microstructure of Surface Layers in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin Films

Chemical Fluctuation-Induced Nanodomains in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Films

Conclusions and Future Directions

 

POLYMERS

Foreword

A Brief Introduction on Printable Solar Cells

Morphology Requirements of Photoactive Layers in PSCs

Our Characterization Toolbox

How It All Started: First Morphology Studies

Contrast Creation in Purely Carbon-Based BHJ Photoactive Layers

Nanoscale Volume Information: Electron Tomography of PSCs

One Example of Electron Tomographic Investigation: P3HT/PCBM

Quantification of Volume Data

Outlook and Concluding Remarks

 

FERROIC AND MULTIFERROIC MATERIALS

Multiferroicity

Ferroic Domain Patterns and Their Microscopical Observation

The Internal Structure of Domain Walls

Domain Structures Related to Amorphization

Dynamical Properties of Domain Boundaries

Conclusion

 

THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING OF BIOMATERIALS WITH ELECTRON TOMOGRAPHY

Introduction

Biological Tomographic Techniques

Examples of Electron Tomography Biomaterials

Outlook

 

SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULES AND HIGHER HOMOLOGS

Introduction

Optical Microscopy

Scanning Electron Microscopy - SEM

Atomic Force and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (AFM and STM)

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

Summary