1 Raw Material Resources.

1.1 Primary Raw Materials.

1.2 Availability.

2 Production.

2.1 From Ore to Copper Concentrate.

2.2 From Copper Concentrate to Refined Copper.

2.3 Secondary Copper Production.

2.4 Energy Consumption.

2.5 Recycling.

2.6 Environmental Protection.

3 Classification of Copper Materials.

3.1 Wrought Copper Materials.

3.1.1 Copper.

3.1.2 Low Alloyed Wrought Copper.

3.1.3 Wrought Copper–Zinc Alloys.

3.1.4 Wrought Copper–Tin Alloys.

3.1.5 Wrought Copper–Nickel Alloys.

3.1.6 Wrought Copper–Nickel–Zinc Alloys.

3.1.7 Wrought Copper–Aluminum Alloys.

3.2 Copper Casting Materials.

3.2.1 Copper and Copper–Chromium Casting Materials.

3.2.2 Copper–Zinc Casting Alloys.

3.2.3 Copper–Tin Casting Alloys.

3.2.4 Copper–Tin–Lead Casting Alloys.

3.2.5 Copper–Aluminum Casting Alloys.

3.2.6 Copper–Manganese–Aluminum and Copper–Nickel Casting Alloys.

3.3 Composites.

3.4 Powder Metallurgical Materials.

4 Wrought Copper Materials.

4.1 Manufacture of Semi-finished Products.

4.1.1 Smelting and Casting.

4.1.2 Hot Forming.

4.1.3 Cold Forming.

4.1.4 Production of Sheet and Strip.

4.1.5 Wire Production.

4.1.6 Production of Rods and Profiles.

4.1.7 Production of Tubes.

4.1.8 Forging.

4.1.9 Powder Metallurgical Forming (Sintering).

4.2 Shapes and Dimensions.

4.2.1 Strips, Sheets and Plates.

4.2.2 Tubes.

4.2.3 Rods.

4.2.4 Wires.

4.2.5 Drawn and Extruded Profiles.

4.2.6 Forgings.

4.2.7 Special Shapes.

4.3 Classification and Designation.

4.3.1 Designation by Material Number.

4.3.2 Designation According to Chemical Composition.

4.3.3 Designation of the Condition of the Material.

4.3.4 Product Designation.

4.3.5 Designation of Powder Metallurgical (Sintered) Materials.

5 Copper Casting Materials.

5.1 Casting Procedures.

5.1.1 Lost Mold Casting.

5.1.1.1 Sand Casting.

5.1.1.2 Precision (Investment) Casting (Lost-wax Process).

5.1.1.3 Exact Casting (Other Processes).

5.1.2 Permanent Mold Casting.

5.1.2.1 Die Casting.

5.1.2.2 Pressure Die Casting.

5.1.2.3 Centrifugal Casting.

5.1.3 Continuous Casting.

5.1.4 Composite Casting.

5.2 Shapes and Dimensions.

5.3 Classification and Designation.

5.3.1 Designation by Material Number and Chemical Composition.

5.3.2 Designation of the Casting Process and the Product.

6 Properties of the Copper Materials.

6.1 Physical Properties.

6.2 Mechanical and Technological Properties.

6.2.1 Strength Properties at Room Temperature.

6.2.1.1 Rolled Products.

6.2.1.2 Extruded Products.

6.2.1.3 Drawn Products.

6.2.1.3.1 Rods.

6.2.1.3.2 Tubes.

6.2.1.3.3 Wires.

6.2.1.4 Forgings.

6.2.1.5 Castings.

6.2.1.6 Composites.

6.2.1.7 Sintered Materials.

6.2.2 High Temperature Strength and Creep Properties.

6.2.3 Relaxation.

6.2.4 Behavior at Low Temperatures.

6.2.5 Behavior under Dynamic Load.

6.2.6 Behavior under Cyclic Load.

7 Working with Copper Materials.

7.1 Mechanical Processing.

7.1.1 Non-cutting Treatment.

7.1.1.1 Forming Sheets and Strips.

7.1.1.2 Solid Forming.

7.1.2 Machining.

7.1.2.1 Turning.

7.1.2.2 Milling.

7.1.2.3 Drilling.

7.1.2.4 Cutting.

7.1.2.5 Fine Finishing (Polished Turning, Grinding, Engrailing, Thread Production).

7.1.3 Chemical Machining, Chemical and Electrochemical Polishing.

7.1.4 Electrical Discharge Machining.

7.1.5 Thermal Cutting.

7.2 Joining.

7.2.1 Soldering and Brazing.

7.2.1.1 Soldering.

7.2.1.2 Brazing.

7.2.2 Welding.

7.2.2.1 Arc Welding and Shielding Gas Welding (TIG and MIG Welding).

7.2.2.2 Resistance Welding.

7.2.2.3 Recent Welding Processes.

7.2.3 Plating.

7.2.4 Bonding.

7.3 Heat Treatment.

7.3.1 Homogenization.

7.3.2 Soft Annealing (Recrystallization).

7.3.3 Thermal Stress-relieving.

7.3.4 Age-hardening (Precipitation Hardening).

7.4 Surface Treatment.

7.4.1 Pretreatment.

7.4.1.1 Cleaning, Degreasing.

7.4.1.2 Pickling and Etching.

7.4.1.3 Chemical and Electrochemical Polishing.

7.4.1.4 Pretreatment for Soldering, Brazing or Welding.

7.4.1.5 Pretreatment for Bonding.

7.4.1.6 Pretreatment for Coating.

7.4.1.7 Shot Peening.

7.4.2 Surface Design.

7.4.2.1 Mechanical Processes for Surface Treatment.

7.4.2.2 Non-metallic Coatings, Metal Coloring.

7.4.3 Metallic Coatings.

7.4.3.1 Electroplating.

7.4.3.2 Electroless (Chemical) Deposition.

7.4.3.3 Hot-dip Coating.

7.4.3.4 Thermal Spraying.

7.4.3.5 Deposition Welding.

7.4.3.6 Roll-cladding.

7.5 Safety Measures.

7.6 Health Care.

8 Design Notes.

8.1 Design for Material.

8.2 Design for Recycling.

8.3 Limits of Application.

8.4 Tolerances and Machining Allowances.

9 Application.

9.1 Areas of Application.

9.2 Examples for Application.

10 Usage Properties.

10.1 Corrosion Behavior.

10.1.1 Basics of Copper Corrosion.

10.1.2 Types of Corrosion.

10.1.3 Corrosion Behavior of Copper Alloys.

10.1.4 Corrosion in Gases.

10.1.5 Corrosion Protection.

10.2 Strips for Electrical Engineering and Electronics.

10.3 Plain Bearings.

10.4 Reliability.

10.5 Repairability.

References.

Appendix: Standards and Specifications.

A.1 EN-Standards.

A.1.1 Basic Standards.

A.1.2 Testing Standards.

A.1.3 Refinery Copper.

A.1.4 Flat Rolled Products.

A.1.5 Tubes.

A.1.6 Rods, Profiles and Wires.

A.1.7 Forgings and Forging Stock.

A.1.8 Semi-finished Products for Electrical Engineering.

A.1.9 Scrap, Master-alloys, Ingots and Castings.

A.1.10 Bearing Materials.

A.1.11 Soldering, Brazing and Welding.

A.1.12 Other Technical Rules for Copper Materials.

A.2 US-Standards (ASTM).

A.2.1 Basic Standards.

A.2.2 Testing Standards.

A.2.3 Refinery Copper.

A.2.4 Flat Rolled Products.

A.2.5 Tubes.

A.2.6 Wires.

A.2.7 Rods, Bars and Shapes.

A.2.8 Forgings and Extruded Profiles.

A.2.9 Products for Electrical Engineering.

A.2.10 Master Alloys, Ingots and Castings.

A.2.11 Bearing Materials.

A.2.12 Soldering, Brazing and Welding.

A.2.13 Coatings.

A.3 Japanese Standards (JIS).

A.3.1 Basic Standards.

A.3.2 Testing Standards.

A.3.3 Refinery Copper.

A.3.4 Flat Rolled Products.

A.3.5 Tubes.

A.3.6 Wires.

A.3.7 Rods, Bars and Shapes.

A.3.8 Master-alloys, Ingots and Castings.

A.3.9 Soldering, Brazing and Welding.

A.3.10 Products for Electrical Engineering.

A.3.11 Coatings.

Subject Index.