1 Terpenes: Importance, General Structure, and Biosynthesis.

1.1 Term and Significance.

1.2 General Structure: The Isoprene Rule.

1.3 Biosynthesis.

2 Hemi- and Monoterpenes.

2.1 Hemiterpenes.

2.2 Acyclic Monoterpenes.

2.3 Monocyclic Monoterpenes.

2.3.1 Cyclopropane and Cyclobutane Monoterpenes.

2.3.2 Cyclopentane Monoterpenes.

2.3.3 Cyclohexane Monoterpenes.

2.3.4 Cymenes.

2.4 Bicyclic Monoterpenes.

2.4.1 Survey.

2.4.2 Caranes and Thujanes.

2.4.3 Pinanes.

2.4.4 Camphanes and Fenchanes.

2.5 Cannabinoids.

3 Sesquiterpenes.

3.1 Farnesanes.

3.2 Monocyclic Farnesane Sesquiterpenes.

3.2.1 Cyclofarnesanes and Bisabolanes.

3.2.2 Germacranes and Elemanes.

3.2.3 Humulanes.

3.3 Polycyclic Farnesane Sesquiterpenes.

3.3.1 Caryophyllanes.

3.3.2 Eudesmanes and Furanoeudesmanes.

3.3.3 Eremophilanes, Furanoeremonphilanes, Valeranes.

3.3.4 Cadinanes.

3.3.5 Drimanes.

3.3.6 Guaianes and Cycloguaianes.

3.3.7 Himachalanes, Longipinanes, Longifolanes.

3.3.8 Picrotoxanes.

3.3.9 Isodaucanes and Daucanes.

3.3.10 Protoilludanes, Illudanes, Illudalanes.

3.3.11 Marasmanes, Isolactaranes, Lactaranes, Sterpuranes.

3.3.12 Acoranes.

3.3.13 Chamigranes.

3.3.14 Cedranes and Isocedranes.

3.3.15 Zizaanes and Prezizaanes.

3.3.16 Campherenanes and Santalanes.

3.3.17 Thujopsanes.

3.3.18 Hirsutanes.

3.4 Other Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes.

3.4.1 Pinguisanes.

3.4.2 Presilphiperfolianes, Silphiperfolianes, Silphinanes, Isocomanes.

4 Diterpenes.

4.1 Phytanes.

4.2 Cyclophytanes.

4.3 Bicyclophytanes.

4.3.1 Labdanes.

4.3.2 Rearranged Labdanes.

4.4 Tricyclophytanes.

4.4.1 Pimaranes and Isopimaranes.

4.4.2 Cassanes, Cleistanthanes, Isocopalanes.

4.4.3 Abietanes and Totaranes.

4.5 Tetracyclophytanes.

4.5.1 Survey.

4.5.2 Beyeranes.

4.5.3 Kauranes and Villanovanes.

4.5.4 Atisanes.

4.5.5 Gibberellanes.

4.5.6 Grayanatoxanes.

4.6 Cembranes and Cyclocembranes.

4.6.1 Survey.

4.6.2 Cembranes.

4.6.3 Casbanes.

4.6.4 Lathyranes.

4.6.5 Jatrophanes.

4.6.6 Tiglianes.

4.6.7 Rhamnofolanes and Daphnanes.

4.6.8 Eunicellanes and Asbestinanes.

4.6.9 Biaranes.

4.6.10 Dolabellanes.

4.6.11 Dolastanes.

4.6.12 Fusicoccanes.

4.6.13 Verticillanes and Taxanes.

4.6.14 Trinervitanes and Kempanes.

4.7 Prenylsesquiterpenes.

4.7.1 Xenicanes and Xeniaphyllanes.

4.7.2 Prenylgermacranes and Lobanes.

4.7.3 Prenyleudesmanes and Bifloranes.

4.7.4 Sacculatanes (Prenyldrimanes).

4.7.5 Prenylguaianes and Prenylaromadendranes.

4.7.6 Sphenolobanes (Prenyldaucanes).

4.8 Ginkgolides.

5 Sesterterpenes.

5.1 Acyclic Sesterterpenes.

5.2 Monocyclic Sesterterpenes.

5.3 Polycyclic Sesterterpenes.

5.3.1 Bicyclic Sesterterpenes.

5.3.2 Tricyclic Sesterterpenes.

5.3.3 Tetra- and Pentacyclic Sesterterpenes.

6 Triterpenes.

6.1 Linear Triterpenes.

6.2 Tetracyclic Triterpenes, Gonane Type.

6.2.1 Survey.

6.2.2 Protostanes and Fusidanes.

6.2.3 Dammaranes.

6.2.4 Apotirucallanes.

6.2.5 Tirucallanes and Euphanes.

6.2.6 Lanostanes.

6.2.7 Cycloartanes.

6.2.8 Cucurbitanes.

6.3 Pentacyclic Triterpenes, Baccharane Type.

6.3.1 Survey.

6.3.2 Baccharanes and Lupanes.

6.3.3 Oleananes.

6.3.4 Taraxeranes, Multifloranes, Baueranes.

6.3.5 Glutinanes, Friedelanes, Pachysananes.

6.3.6 Taraxastanes and Ursanes.

6.4 Pentacyclic Triterpenes, Hopane Type.

6.4.1 Survey.

6.4.2 Hopanes and Neohopanes.

6.4.3 Fernanes.

6.4.4 Adiananes and Filicanes.

6.4.5 Gammaceranes.

6.5 Other Pentacyclic Triterpenes.

6.5.1 Survey.

6.5.2 Stictanes and Arboranes.

6.5.3 Onoceranes and Serratanes.

6.6 Iridals.

7 Tetraterpenes.

7.1 Carotenoids.

7.2 Apocarotenoids.

7.3 Diapocarotenoids.

7.4 Megastigmanes.

8 Polyterpenes and Prenylquinones.

8.1 Polyterpenes.

8.2 Prenylquinones.

9 Selected Syntheses of Terpenes.

9.1 Monoterpenes.

9.1.1 Concept of Industrial Syntheses of Monoterpenoid Fragrances.

9.1.2 (R)-(+)-Citronellal.

9.1.3 Rose oxide.

9.1.4 Chrysanthemic Acid Methyl Ester.

9.1.5 α-Terpineol.

9.1.6 (1R,3R,4S)-(.)-Menthol.

9.1.7 Camphor from α-Pinene.

9.1.8 α-Pinene and Derivatives for Stereospecific Syntheses of Chiral Monoterpenes.

9.1.9 Hexahydrocannabinol.

9.2 Sesquiterpenes.

9.2.1 β-Selinene.

9.2.2 Isocomene.

9.2.3 Cedrene.

9.2.4 Periplanone B.

9.3 Diterpenes.

9.3.1 Vitamin A (Retinol Acetate).

9.3.2 Cafestol.

9.3.3 Baccatin III as the Precursor of Taxol.

9.4 Triterpenes.

9.4.1 Lupeol.

10 Isolation and Structure Elucidation.

10.1 Isolation from Plants.

10.2 Spectroscopic Methods of Structure Elucidation.

10.3 Structure Elucidation of a Sesquiterpene.

10.3.1 Double Bond Equivalents.

10.3.2 Functional Groups and Partial Structures detected by 13C NMR.

10.3.3 Skeletal Structure (Connectivities of Atoms).

10.3.4 Relative Configuration.

10.3.5 Absolute Configuration.

10.4 Determination of the Crystal Structure.

10.5 Molecular Structure and Odor of Terpenes.

Bibliography.

Survey of Important Parent Skeletons of Terpenes.

Subject Index.