Hydrogen Storage Technologies: New Materials, Transport, and Infrastructure

1 Introduction 1

1.1 History/Background 1

1.2 Tanks and Storage 4

2 Hydrogen – Fundamentals 11

2.1 Hydrogen Phase Diagram 13

2.2 Hydrogen in Comparison with Other Fuels 14

2.3 Hydrogen Production 16

2.4 Hydrogen Storage Safety Aspects 53

References 73

3 Hydrogen Application: Infrastructural Requirements 81

3.1 Transportation 81

3.2 Filling Stations 86

3.3 Distribution 87

3.4 Military 89

3.5 Portables 92

3.6 Infrastructure Requirements 93

References 96

Further Reading 96

4 Storage of Pure Hydrogen in Different States 97

4.1 Purification of Hydrogen 97

4.2 Compressed Hydrogen 98

4.3 Liquid/Slush Hydrogen 114

4.4 Metal Hydrides 131

References 166

5 Chemical Storage 171

5.1 Introduction 171

5.2 Materials and Properties 172

5.3 Hydrogen Storage in Hydrocarbons 173

5.4 Hydrocarbons as Hydrogen Carrier 177

5.5 Application: Automotive 178

5.6 Ammonia 181

5.6.7 Hydrogen from Ammonia and Metal Hydride 189

5.7 Borohydrides 191

References 194

6 Hydrogen Storage Options: Comparison 197

6.1 Economic Considerations/Costs 197

6.2 Safety Aspects 200

6.3 Environmental Considerations: Waste, Hazardous Materials 209

6.4 Dimension Considerations 212

6.5 Sociological Considerations 216

6.6 Comparison with Other Energy Storage System 218

References 222

7 Novel Materials 225

7.1 Silicon and Hydropolysilane (HPS) 225

7.2 Carbon-Based Materials – General 228

7.3 Microspheres 239

References 246

Index 249