Optical Methods for Solid Mechanics: A Full-Field Approach

Preface XIII

List of Contributors XV

1 Basic Optics 1
Krishna Thyagarajan and Ajoy Ghatak

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave 1

1.2.1 Reflection and Refraction of Light Waves at a Dielectric Interface 7

1.3 Rays of Light 9

1.4 Imaging through Optical Systems 11

1.5 Aberrations of Optical Systems 17

1.6 Interference of Light 19

1.7 Coherence 25

1.8 Diffraction of Light 27

1.9 Anisotropic Media 33

1.10 Jones Calculus 35

1.11 Lasers 38

1.12 Optical Fibers 42

1.13 Summary 44

2 Electronic Image Sensing and Processing 47
Thomas Baechler

2.1 Introduction 47

2.2 Image Formation 49

2.3 Image Sensing: From Photons to Electrons 56

2.4 Image Processing 70

2.5 Conclusions 79

3 Phase Decoding and Reconstruction 83
Jan Burke

3.1 Introduction 83

3.2 Basic Concepts 85

3.3 Methods of Phase Shifting 101

3.4 Designing and Analyzing Phase-Shift Methods with the Complex-Polynomial Method 115

3.5 Sources and Removal of Errors 124

3.6 Phase Unwrapping 129

4 Experimental Stress Analysis – An Overview 141
Krishnamurthi Ramesh

4.1 Introduction 141

4.2 Concept of Stress and Strain 141

4.3 Stress-Strain Relations 146

4.4 Rudiments of a Tension Test 147

4.5 Principal Stress and Strain 148

4.6 Concept of Stress Concentration 151

4.7 Birth of Fracture Mechanics 153

4.8 Peculiarities of Experimental Approach 154

4.9 Information Directly Obtainable from Various Experimental Techniques and Their Typical Applications 155

4.10 Selection of an Experimental Technique 161

4.11 Case Studies 165

4.12 Experimental Study on Investigation of Random Failure of Chain Plates 165

4.13 Comprehensive Experimental Study on a MEMS Pressure Sensor 172

4.14 Conclusions 178

Acknowledgements 179

5 Digital Image Correlation 183
François Hild and Stéphane Roux

5.1 Introduction 183

5.2 Correlation Principles 185

5.3 2-D Digital Image Correlation 199

5.3.1 Multiscale Analyses and Sequences of Pictures 199

5.4 3-D Digital Image Correlation 216

5.5 Digital Volume Correlation 220

5.6 Summary 225

5.7 Problems 225

6 Rough Surface Interferometry 229
Kay Gastinger, Pierre Slangen, Pascal Picart, and Peter Somers

6.1 Introduction 229

6.2 Speckle 230

6.3 Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry–ESPI 235

6.4 Low-Coherence Speckle Interferometry–LCSI 246

6.5 Speckle Pattern Shearing Interferometry – Shearography 262

6.6 Digital Holography 278

6.7 Summary 298

7 Fringe Projection Profilometry 303
Jan Buytaert and Joris Dirckx

7.1 General Introduction 303

7.2 Grid Projection Profilometry: the Basics 310

7.3 Fourier Transform Profilometry 311

7.4 Moiré profilometry 316

7.5 Noncontinuous Surfaces 337

7.6 Summary 342

8 Thermoelastic Stress Analysis 345
Janice M. Dulieu-Barton

8.1 Introduction 345

8.2 The Thermoelastic Effect 345

8.3 Infrared Thermography 348

8.4 Obtaining Thermoelastic Measurements from an Infrared System 352

8.5 Temperature Dependence of Thermoelastic Response 354

8.6 Derivation of the Thermoelastic Constant 354

8.7 Nonadiabatic Conditions 356

8.8 Paint Coatings 358

8.9 Temperature Dependence of the Material Elastic Properties 359

8.10 Progress, Applications, and Prospects 363

Acknowledgements 365

9 Photoelasticity 367
Eann A. Patterson

9.1 Introduction 367

9.2 Polariscope Theory and Design 369

9.3 Isoclinic and Isochromatic Fringes 373

9.4 Fractional Fringe Analysis Using Compensation Techniques 376

9.5 Digital Fringe Analysis 379

9.6 Material and Load Selection 383

9.7 Stress Analysis 386

9.8 Conclusions 390

Color Plates 393

References 405

Abbreviations and Notations 421

Index 427