Written by Douglas Hindman of Eastern Kentucky University this is available to help students read and study the textbook. For each chapter there is a summary of the chapter, a list of key concepts, important study questions, and practice tests written in collaboration with the test bank author to ensure consistency and to encourage active learning.
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Focus Boxes
Chapter-Opening Cases
Chapter Summaries
Glossary and Key Terms
DSM-IV Table
References



Focus Boxes
There are many in-depth discussions of selected topics encased in focus boxes throughout the book. This feature allows us to involve the reader in a sometimes very specialized topic in a way that does not detract from the flow of the regular text. Sometimes a focus box expands on a point in the text; sometimes it deals with an entirely separate but relevant issue, often a controversial one. Reading these boxes with care will deepen the readers understanding of the subject matter. For a complete list of focus boxes, see page xx in your text.

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Chapter-Opening Cases
The syndrome chapters, 6 through 16, open with extended case illustrations. These accounts provide a clinical context for the theories and research that occupy most of our attention in the chapter and help make vivid the real-life implications of the empirical work of psychopathologists and clinicians.

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Chapter Summaries
A summary appears at the end of each chapter, and readers may find it useful to peruse it before beginning the chapter itself. These summaries give readers a good sense of what lies ahead. When the summary is reread after completing the chapter itself it will enhance the student's understanding and provide an immediate sense of what has been learned in just one reading of the chapter.

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Glossary and Key Terms
When an important term is introduced, it is boldfaced and listed after the chapter summary as a key term. A definition and/or discussion of that term immediately follows its appearance in the text. Of course, the term will probably appear again later in the book, in which case it will not be highlighted in this way. We have provided at the end of the book a glossary that includes all of these terms.

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DSM-IV Table
On the endpapers of the book is a summary of the current psychiatric nomenclature, DSM-IV. This provides a handy guide to where particular disorders appear in the "official" taxonomy, or classification. Readers will notice that we make considerable use of DSM-IV, yet in selective and sometimes critical vein. Sometimes we find it better to discuss theory and research on a particular problem in a way that is different from DSM's conceptualization.

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References
Our commitment to remain current and forward-looking is reflected in the inclusion of more than 1300 new references, over half of which were published from 1994-1997.

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Chapter 2: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy
How has medical terminology and thinking influenced our views of abnormal behavior historically? What are the assumptions of the contemporary biological paradigm? Identify two areas of research within this paradigm. (p. 25-26)

Describe the biochemistry of the nervous system, especially neurotransmitters. Identify three ways that neurotransmitter problems could be linked to psychopathology. (p. 27-29)

Briefly describe Freud's classical theory including; three mental functions, how they interact, and four (or five) stages of psychosexual development. (p. 30-32)

The text summarizes three Neo-Freudian theorists. In what way did they continue Freud's tradition? Describe two new concepts developed by each theorist.

Chapter 3: Classification and Diagnosis
What is the rationale behind multiaxial classification? What are the five axes in DSM-IV and the rationale for distinguishing them (especially axes I and II)? (p. 56-57)

Summarize two general criticisms of classification and the counter-arguments to each. Despite these criticisms, what is the value of classification? (p. 64-65)

Define "reliability" and "validity". In earlier DSMs, why was reliability low?

What three kinds of validity may be sought for a diagnosis?

Chapter 4: Clinical Assessment Procedures
How are interviews similar to and different from normal conversation? Describe how four variables (paradigms, rapport, situational factors, and structure) influence interview results. (p. 72-73)

What are intelligence tests designed to predict? What other uses do they have? Identify three important things to keep in mind regarding intelligence tests. (p. 79-80)

Describe, with examples, psychophysiological measurement. Identify an advantage and a limitation of this approach. (p. 91-94)

Describe Mischel's (1968) position regarding the determinates of behavior and Wachtel's three counter-points. In the course of the debate, what four additional points were made? (p. 98-100)

Chapter 5: Research Methods in the Study of Abnormal Behavior
Describe two basic requirements of any scientific approach. Identify two roles of theory. In constructing theories, what are two advantages of theoretical inferred concepts and two views on evaluating these concepts? (p. 103-106)

What is epidemiology? Describe two uses of epidemiological research in psychopathology. (p. 108-109)

What is internal validity? Describe how control groups, random assignment, and double-blinds are used to eliminate confounds and provide internal validity. (p. 113-114)

What is the single-subject ABAB design and how does it show that the manipulation produced the result? What is the primary disadvantage of this design? (p. 116-117)

Chapter 6: Anxiety Disorders
What are phobias and why do psychoanalysts (but not behaviorists) focus on their content? (p. 131) Describe two types of phobias. (p. 125-127)

What do (a) cognitive theories and, (b) social skills deficits studies suggest about the basis of phobias? (p. 130)

Summarize the (a) psychoanalytic, (b) behavioral (five techniques) and, (c) cognitive approaches to therapy for phobias. What do all these techniques have in common? What is the key problem with the common biological treatment? (p. 131-135)

Describe the characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder and three views on its cause. (p. 139-141)

Chapter 7: Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders
Describe five types of somatoform disorders. (Three of the five are not discussed in detail.) What do all five types have in common? (p. 155-158)

How did the study of conversions lead Freud to important concepts? Summarize Freud's first theory of conversions and his later revision of it. (p. 160-161)

Describe three other theories of conversion disorders. How well is each supported by research? (p. 163-165)

What is the cause of dissociative disorders in both psychoanalytic and behavioral views? Why are psychoanalytic techniques widely used in treating them? (p. 173-175)

Chapter 8: Psychophysiological Disorders and Health Psychology
Describe Selye's early concept of stress and difficulties in applying it to psychology. Summarize Lazarus' cognitive redefinition of stress and his two cognitive coping approaches. (p. 180-181)

Describe two social moderators of stress. How do they effect the relationship between stress and illness? (p. 186-187)

How important are cardiovascular disorders as health problems generally? What is essential hypertension and how common is it? Describe three research areas suggesting a relation between chronic stress, chronic anger, and blood-pressure increases. Identify three predisposing factors to hypertension. (p. 189-193)

Describe the treatment of psychophysiological disorders generally. Note the need for medical/psychological coordination, the general approach of all psychotherapists, and the specific contributions of behavioral medicine (especially biofeedback). (p. 199-200)

Chapter 9: Eating Disorders
Three diagnostic labels are identified. For each label summarize the (a) distinguishing features, (b) subtypes, (c) relationship to other psychological problems, (d) physical effects, and (e) prognosis. (Note that binge eating disorder is a tentative label and not yet well understood.) (p. 207-211)

What is the rationale for biological treatment of eating disorders? Summarize the effectiveness of and two problems with this approach. (p. 221)

Describe the goals, methods, and effectiveness of two stages in treating anorexia. Describe Minuchin's family therapy approach to the second stage. (p. 221)

Describe a cognitive behavioral approach to treatment of bulimia. Include description of both behavioral methods (to alter actual eating) and cognitive methods (to alter beliefs). (p. 221-222)

Chapter 10: Mood Disorders
Give at least five different general characteristics of depression and mania. (p. 226)

Describe the three levels of cognitive activity that lead to depressed feelings according to Beck. Evaluate this theory by describing research on two points. (p. 232-234)

Describe three stages in the evolution of the helplessness/hopelessness theory of depression. What five problems remain? (p. 234-238)

How have most psychological theories viewed the two phases of bipolar disorder? Describe a study suggesting that manics try to conceal low self-esteem. (p. 239)

Chapter 11: Schizophrenia
Summarize the symptoms of schizophrenia including three positive symptoms and five negative symptoms plus two others. Give examples of the various terms explaining why they are positive or negative symptoms. (p. 264-269)

Summarize one or two distinguishing characteristics of each of the three subtypes of schizophrenia in DSM-IV. Evaluate these subtypes by describing (a) their limitations and, (b) evolving interest in another approach to sub-dividing schizophrenia. (p. 271-273)

Summarize and evaluate three approaches to studying genetic factors in schizophrenia. How important are genetic factors? (p. 273-277)

What is the relationship between social class and schizophrenia? (What does it mean to say this is not a "continuous progression"?) Describe two theories of this relationship and a recent Israeli study comparing them. (p. 282-283)

Chapter 12: Substance-Related Disorders
Identify and distinguish between substance dependence and substance abuse in DSM-IV. (p. 295)

How prevalent and serious is cigarette smoking? What are the consequences of smoking, especially for non-smokers? (p. 301-302)

The text identifies two groups of sedatives and two groups of stimulants. For each group, describe (a) short-term effects, (b) long-term effects and, (c) withdrawal effects. (p. 306-311)

Summarize adoptee studies suggesting a biological diathesis for some alcoholism. What may be the nature of this diathesis? (p. 317-318)

Chapter 13: Personality Disorders
Define personality disorders as a group. How are they different from normal personality styles? (p. 334)

Identify the three clusters of personality disorders. (p. 336, 338, 347) Identify and briefly describe the three disorders in the odd/eccentric cluster. What idea has guided the search for causes of these disorders and how well has this idea proven out? (p. 336-338)

For the first three disorders in this cluster identify and briefly describe the disorder. Summarize a psychoanalytic view of the etiology of each (look for splitting, parental seductiveness, and self-esteem). (p. 338-341)

Research in three areas indicates little anxiety in psychopaths. Summarize each area explaining how the results indicate low anxiety. Also summarize research on response modulation indicating that psychopaths respond impulsively. (p. 345-347)

Chapter 14: Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders
Define gender identity disorder (GID) noting the various subclassifications. Is GID in adults clearly a hormonal problem? Explain briefly. Describe the possible role, in childhood GID, of prenatal hormones and of family encouragement. How do cultural values complicate this topic? (p. 360-362)

Describe the process surrounding sex-reassignment surgery. Does this treatment appear effective (and why is its effectiveness difficult to evaluate)? Describe an alternative treatment and its effectiveness. (p. 362-65)

Summarize perspectives on the etiology of the paraphilias including one psychodynamic, four behavioral/cognitive, and one biological perspective. (p. 373-374)

According to Masters and Johnson, how do current and historical factors interact to result in sexual dysfunctions? Briefly describe their two current and seven historical factors. (p. 388-389)

Chapter 15: Disorders of Childhood
To classify abnormal behavior in children, what must diagnosticians consider first and why? (p. 406)

What are the characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? Distinguish between ADHD and "rambunctious kid". Distinguish between ADHD and conduct disorder. (p. 409-411)

Identify a number of ideas put forward for the etiology of conduct disorder. Summarize learning and cognitive perspectives on this problem. Describe and evaluate approaches based on; (a) incarceration, (b) family intervention, (c) anger-control, and (d) moral reasoning. (p. 417-419)

Define eight learning disabilities in three groups. Briefly identify and evaluate five possible factors in dyslexia. Describe two common approaches to intervention. (p. 419-424)

Chapter 16: Aging and Psychological Disorders
Describe common symptoms and the common cause of dementia in older adults. Identify some other causes of dementia. Describe treatment from biological and psychosocial perspectives. (p. 455-460)

Describe common symptoms of delirium and distinguish them from symptoms of dementia. What are common causes and treatment? (p. 460-462)

The text describes depression, anxiety, and delusional disorders (paranoia). For each problem describe: (a) how it differs in older people, (b) possible causes and, (c) treatment. (p. 463-467)

Briefly describe two or three issues for each of the following topics: a) schizophrenia, b) alcohol abuse, c) drug abuse and, d) medication misuse in older adults. (p. 467-471)

Chapter 17: Insight Therapies
What is "psychotherapy" and why is it difficult to define? (p. 490-491)

What is the goal of psychoanalysis and why? Describe seven techniques of psychoanalysis and how each contributes to the goal. (p. 494-500)

Explain five assumptions of Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy. (p. 505-506)

As evaluation, do Rogerian qualities appear desirable? Are they sufficient for change? Evaluate Rogers on the issues of self-report measures, epistemological problems, circularity of self-actualization, and human nature. (p. 508-509)

Chapter 18: Cognitive and Behavior Therapies
What is the basic principle of counterconditioning? Describe two counterconditioning methods and their effectiveness. What added question has been raised about each? (p. 518-521)

Briefly describe several uses of modeling techniques. How did modeling approaches generate interest in the role of cognition? (p. 524-526)

What is the approach and goal of behavioral medicine? In three areas describe behavioral medicine techniques and the rationale behind them. (p. 538-541)

What forms of therapy need to be concerned about generalization of treatment results? Describe five methods used by behavior therapists to increase generalization. (p. 541-545)

Chapter 19: Group, Couples and Family Therapy, and Community Psychology
Identify theoretical and practical advantages to group therapy. Briefly identify six basic features of group therapy. (p. 559-560)

Describe the general methods of psychoanalytic group therapy. What are the goals of sensitivity training and encounter groups? How does looking at levels of communication facilitate these goals? Identify variations among therapy groups. (p. 560-562)

Why is conflict normal in a long-term relationship? Give some examples of how individual therapy approaches are applied to families. (p. 566-568)

Identify five general issues and special considerations plus a line of research suggesting that some individual problems might, better, be handled conjointly. Evaluate couples and family therapy in terms of overall effectiveness and of factors predicting good (and poor) outcome. (p. 572-575)

Chapter 20: Legal and Ethical Issues
What legal assumption underlies the insanity defense? Trace the history of the insanity defense using five landmark cases, guidelines and laws. Describe two recent (since 1980) changes Summarize three general points regarding criminal commitment. (p. 593-597)

Identify the common criteria for civil commitment, the underlying principle involved, and types of commitment procedures. (p. 603-604)

Summarize the recent trend in voluntary/involuntary commitments. Give two reasons (one legal and one practical) that courts are protecting rights of individuals threatened with involuntary commitment. (p. 606-610)

What factors led to deinstitutionalization policies? What were the unintended results? What future do Gralnick and others fear? (p. 616-618)

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