TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1. MEASUREMENT

1-1 Measuring Things

1-2 The International System of Units

1-3 Changing Units

1-4 Length

1-5 Time

1-6 Mass

Review and Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 2. MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE: WHAT GIVES THE THRILL IN DRAG RACING?

2-1 Motion

2-2 Position and Displacement

2-3 Average Velocity and Average Speed

2-4 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

2-5 Acceleration

2-6 Constant Acceleration: A Special Case

2-7 Another Look at Constant Acceleration

2-8 Free-Fall Acceleration

2-9 The Particles of Physics

*Review and Summary

*Questions

*Exercises and Problems

*These features are at the end of each chapter from here on

Chapter 3. VECTORS: HOW CAN VECTORS BE USED IN CAVE EXPLORING?

3-1 Vectors and Scalars

3-2 Adding Vectors: Graphical Method

3-3 Vectors and Their Components

3-4 Unit Vectors

3-5 Adding Vectors by Components

3-6 Vectors and the Laws of Physics

3-7 Multiplying Vectors

Chapter 4. MOTION IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS: HOW CAN THE PLACEMENT OF THE NET BE DETERMINED FOR A HUMAN CANNONBALL?

4-1 Moving in Two or Three Dimensions

4-2 Position and Displacement

4-3 Velocity and Average Velocity

4-4 Acceleration and Average Acceleration

4-5 Projectile Motion

4-6 Projectile Motion Analyzed

4-7 Uniformly Circular Motion

4-8 Relative Motion in One Dimension

4-9 Relative Motion in Two Dimensions

4-10 Relative Motion at High Speeds

Chapter 5. FORCE AND MOTION-I: CAN A MAN PULL TWO RAILROAD PASSENGER CARS WITH HIS TEETH?

5-1 What Causes an Acceleration?

5-2 Newton's First Law

5-3 Force

5-4 Mass

5-5 Newton's Second Law

5-6 Some Particular Forces

5-7 Newton's Third Law

5-8 Applying Newton's Laws

Chapter 6. FORCE AND MOTION-II: WHY DO CATS SOMETIMES SURVIVE LONG FALLS BETTER THAN SHORTER ONES?

6-1 Friction

6-2 Properties of Friction

6-3 The Drag Force and Terminal Speed

6-4 Uniform Circular Motion

6-5 The Forces of Nature

Chapter 7. KINETIC ENERGY AND WORK: HOW MUCH WORK IS REQUIRED IN LIFTING GREAT WEIGHTS?

7-1 Kinetic Energy

7-2 Work

7-3 Work and Kinetic Energy

7-4 Work Done by Weight

7-5 Work Done by a Variable Force

7-6 Work Done by a Spring Force

7-7 Power

7-8 Kinetic Energy at High Speeds

7-9 Reference Frames

Chapter 8. POTENTIAL ENERGY AND CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: HOW FAR WILL A BUNGEE-CORD JUMPER FALL?

8-1 Potential Energy

8-2 Path Independence of Conservative Forces

8-3 Determining Potential Energy Values

8-4 Conservation of Mechanical Energy

8-5 Reading a Potential Energy Curve

8-6 Work Done by Nonconservative Forces

8-7 Conservation of Energy

8-8 Mass and Energy

8-9 Quantized Energy

Chapter 9. SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES: HOW DOES A BALLERINA SEEMINGLY "TURN OFF" GRAVITY?

9-1 A Special Point

9-2 The Center of Mass

9-3 Newton's Second Law for a System of Particles

9-4 Linear Momentum

9-5 The Linear Momentum of a System of Particles

9-6 Conservation of Linear Momentum

9-7 Systems with Varying Mass: A Rocket

9-8 External Forces and Internal Energy Changes

Chapter 10. COLLISIONS: IS A BOARD OR A CONCRETE BLOCK EASIER TO BREAK IN KARATE?

10-1 What is a Collision?

10-2 Impulse and Linear Momentum

10-3 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension

10-4 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension

10-5 Collisions in Two Dimensions

10-6 Reactions and Decay Processes

Chapter 11. ROTATION: WHAT ADVANTAGES DOES PHYSICS OFFER IN JUDO THROWS?

11-1 Translation and Rotation

11-2 The Rotational Variables

11-3 Are Angular Quantities Vectors?

11-4 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration

11-5 Relating the Linear and Angular Variables

11-6 Kinetic Energy of Rotation

11-7 Calculating the Rotational Inertia

11-8 Torque

11-9 Newton's Second Law for Rotation

11-10 Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy

Chapter 12. ROLLING, TORQUE, AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM: WHY IS A QUADRUPLE SOMERSAULT SO DIFFICULT IN TRAPEZE ACTS?

12-1 Rolling

12-2 The Yo-yo

12-3 Torque Revisited

12-4 Angular Momentum

12-5 Newton's Second Law for Rotation in Angular

Form

12-6 The Angular Momentum of a System of

Particles

12-7 The Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body

Rotating about a Fixed Axis

12-8 Conservation of Angular Momentum

12-9 Quantized Angular Momentum

Chapter 13. EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITY: CAN YOU SAFELY REST IN A FISSURE DURING A CHIMNEY CLIMB?

13-1 Equilibrium

13-2 The Requirements of Equilibrium

13-3 The Center of Gravity

13-4 Some Examples of Static Equilibrium

13-5 Indeterminate Structure

13-6 Elasticity

Chapter 14. GRAVITATION: HOW CAN A BLACK HOLE BE DETECTED?

14-1 The World and the Gravitational Force

14-2 Newton's Law of Gravitation

14-3 Gravitation and the Principle of Superposition

14-4 Gravitation Near the Earth's Surface

14-5 Gravitation Inside the Earth

14-6 Gravitational Potential Energy

14-7 Planets and Satellites: Orbits and Energy

14-9 Einstein and Gravitation

Chapter 15. FLUIDS: WHAT FACTOR OCCASIONALLY KILLS NOVICE SKIN DIVERS?

15-1 Fluids and the World Around Us

15-2 What is a Fluid?

15-3 Density and Pressure

15-4 Fluids at Rest

15-5 Measuring Pressure

15-6 Pascal's Principle

15-7 Archimedes' Principle

15-8 Ideal Fluids in Motion

15-9 Streamlines and the Equation of Continuity

15-10 Bernoulli's Equation

Chapter 16. OSCILLATIONS: WHY DID ONLY ONE SECTION OF THE NIMITZ FREEWAY COLLAPSE?

16-1 Oscillations

16-2 Simple Harmonic Motion

16-3 The Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion

16-4 Energy in a Simple Harmonic Motion

16-5 An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator

16-6 Pendulums

16-7 Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform

Circular Motion

16-8 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion

16-9 Forced Oscillations and Resonance

Chapter 17. WAVES I: HOW DOES A SCORPION DETECT A BEETLE WITHOUT USING SIGHT OR SOUND?

17-1 Waves and Particles

17-2 Types of Waves

17-3 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves

17-4 Wavelength and Frequency

17-5 The Speed of a Traveling Wave

17-6 Wave Speed on a Stretched String

17-7 Energy and Power of a Traveling String Wave

17-8 The Principle of Superposition for Waves

17-9 Interference of Waves

17-10 Phasors

17-11 Standing Waves

17-12 Standing Waves and Resonance

Chapter 18. WAVES II: HOW DOES A BAT DETECT A MOTH IN TOTAL DARKNESS

18-1 Sound Waves

18-2 The Speed of Sound

18-3 Traveling Sound Waves

18-4 Interference

18-5 Intensity and Sound Level

18-6 Sources of Musical Sound

18-7 Beats

18-8 The Doppler Effect

18-9 The Doppler Effect for Light

Chapter 19. TEMPERATURE, HEAT, AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: WHY ARE BLACK ROBES WORN IN EXTREMELY HOT CLIMATES?

19-1 Thermodynamics

19-2 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

19-3 Measuring Temperature

19-4 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales

19-5 Thermal Expansion

19-6 Temperature and Heat

19-7 The Absorption of Heat by Solids and Liquids

19-8 A Closer Look at Heat and Work

19-9 The First Law of Thermodynamics

19-10 Some Special Cases of the First Law of

Thermodynamics

19-11 Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Chapter 20. THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES: WHEN A ROOM'S AIR IS HEATED, DOES THE INTERNAL ENERGY OF THE AIR INCREASE?

20-1 A New Way to Look at Gases

20-2 Avogadro's Number

20-3 Ideal Gases

20-4 Pressure, Temperature, and RMS Speed

20-5 Translational Kinetic Energy

20-6 Mean Free Path

20-7 The Distribution of Molecular Speeds

20-8 The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas

20-9 Degrees of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats

20-10 A Hint of Quantum Theory

20-11 The Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas

Chapter 21. ENTROPY AND THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: WHAT IN THE WORLD GIVES DIRECTION TO TIME?

21-1 Some One-Way Processes

21-2 Change in Entropy

21-3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

21-4 Entropy in the Real World: Engines

21-5 Entropy in the Real World: Refrigerators

21-6 A Statistical View of Entropy

Chapter 22. ELECTRIC CHARGE: WHAT CAUSES THE "SPARKING" OF A WINTERGREEN LIFESAVER?

22-1 Electromagnetism

22-2 Electric Charge

22-3 Conductors and Insulators

22-4 Coulomb's Law

22-5 Charge is Quantized

22-6 Charge is Conserved

Chapter 23. ELECTRIC FIELDS: HOW DO MICROWAVES HEAT WATER?

23-1 Charges and Forces: A Closer Look

23-2 The Electric Field

23-3 Electric Field Lines

23-4 The Electric Field Due to a Point Charge

23-5 The Electric Field Due to an Electric Dipole

23-6 The Electric Field Due to a Line of Charge

23-7 The Electric Field Due to a Charged Disk

23-8 A Point Charge in an Electric Field

23-9 A Dipole in an Electric Field

Chapter 24. GAUSS' LAW: HOW WIDE IS A LIGHTNING STRIKE?

24-1 A New Look a Coulomb's Law

24-2 Flux

24-3 Flux of An Electric Field

24-4 Gauss' Law

24-5 Gauss' Law and Coulomb's Law

24-6 A Charged Isolated Conductor

24-7 Applying Gauss' Law: Cylindrical Symmetry

24-8 Applying Gauss' Law: Planar Symmetry

24-9 Applying Gauss' Law: Spherical Symmetry

Chapter 25. ELECTRIC POTENTIAL: WHAT IS THE DANGER IS YOUR HAIR SUDDENLY STANDS UP?

25-1 Electric Potential Energy

25-2 Electric Potential

25-3 Equipotential Surfaces

25-4 Calculating the Potential from the Field

25-5 Potential Due to a Point Source

25-6 Potential Due to a Group of Point Charges

25-7 Potential Due to an Electronic Dipole

25-8 Potential Due to a Continuous Charge

Distribution

25-9 Calculating the Field from the Potential

25-10 Electric Potential Energy of a System of

Point Charges

25-11 Potential of a Charged Isolated Conductor

Chapter 26. CAPACITANCE: HOW DO YOU STOP VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION IN A REMOTE LOCATION?

26-1 The Uses of Capacitors

26-2 Capacitance

26-3 Calculating the Capacitance

26-4 Capacitors in Parallel and in Series

26-5 Storing Energy in an Electric Field

26-6 Capacitor with a Dielectric

26-7 Dielectrics: An Atomic View

26-8 Dielectrics and Gauss' Law

Chapter 27. CURRENT AND RESISTANCE: WHAT CAUSED THE FLAMING CRASH OF THE ZEPPELIN HINDENBURG?

27-1 Moving Charges and Electric Currents

27-2 Electric Current

27-3 Current Density

27-4 Resistance and Resistivity

27-5 Ohm's Law

27-6 A Microscopic View of Ohm's Law

27-7 Power in Electric Circuits

27-8 Semiconductors

27-9 Superconductors

Chapter 28. CIRCUITS: HOW DOES AN ELECTRIC EEL PRODUCE A LARGE CURRENT?

28-1 "Pumping" Charges

28-2 Work, Energy, and Emf

28-3 Calculating the Current

28-4 Other Single-Loop Circuits

28-5 Potential Differences

28-6 Multiloop Circuits

28-7 The Ammeter and the Voltmeter

28-8 RC Circuits

Chapter 29. MAGNETIC FIELDS: WHY IS AN AURORA SO THIN AND YET SO TALL AND WIDE?

29-1 The Magnetic Field

29-2 The Definition of B

29-3 Crossed Fields: Discovery of the Electron

29-4 Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect

29-5 A Circulating Charged Particle

29-6 Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons

29-7 The Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying

Wire

29-8 Torque on a Current Loop

29-9 The Magnetic Dipole

Chapter 30. MAGNETIC FIELDS DUE TO CURRENTS: HOW CAN CARGO BE SHOT INTO SPACE?

30-1 Calculating the Magnetic Field Due to a

Current

30-2 Force between Two Parallel Currents

30-3 Ampere's Law

30-4 Solenoids and Torroids

30-5 A Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole

Chapter 31. INDUCTION AND INDUCTANCE: HOW DID THE ELECTRIC GUITAR REVOLUTIONIZE ROCK?

31-1 Two Symmetric Situations

31-2 Two Experiments

31-3 Faraday's Law of Induction

31-4 Lenz's Law

31-5 Induction and Energy Transfers

31-6 Induced Electric Fields

31-7 Self-Induction

31-8 RL Circuits

31-9 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field

31-10 Energy Density of a Magnetic Field

31-11 Mutual Induction

Chapter 32. MAGNETISM OF MATTER; MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: HOW CAN A CLAY-WALLED KILN REVEAL THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE PAST?

32-1 Magnets

32-2 Gauss' Law for Magnetism

32-3 The Magnetism of the Earth

32-4 Magnetism and Electrons

32-5 Magnetic Materials

32-6 Diamagnetism

32-7 Paramagnetism

32-8 Ferromagnetism

32-9 Induced Magnetic Fields

32-10 Displacement Current

32-11 Maxwell's Equations

Chapter 33. ELECTROMAGNETIC OSCILLATIONS AND ALTERNATING CURRENT: WHY DO ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES HAVE HIGH POTENTIAL AND NOT HIGH CURRENT?

33-1 New Physics--Old Mathematics

33-2 LC Oscillations, Qualitatively

33-3 The Electrical-Mechanical Analogy

33-4 LC Oscillations, Quantitatively

33-5 Damped Oscillations in an RLC Circuit

33-6 Alternating Current

33-7 Forced Oscillations

33-8 Three Simple Circuits

33-9 The Series RLC Circuit

33-10 Power in Alternating-Current Circuits

33-11 Transformers

Chapter 34. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES: WHAT SHAPES THE CURVED DUST TAIL OF A COMET?

34-1 Maxwell's Rainbow

34-2 The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave,

Qualitatively

34-3 The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave,

Quantitatively

34-4 Energy Transport and the Poynting Vector

34-5 Radiation Pressure

34-6 Polarization

34-7 Reflection and Refraction

34-8 Total Internal Reflection

34-9 Polarization by Reflection

Chapter 35. IMAGES: WHAT DISTORTION OF REALITY LIES IN MANET'S A BAR AT THE FLIES-BERGERE?

35-1 Two Types of Images

35-2 Plane Mirrors

35-3 Spherical Mirrors

35-4 Locating Images by Drawing Rays

35-5 Spherical Refracting Surfaces

35-6 Thin Lenses

35-7 Optical Instruments

35-8 Three Proofs

Chapter 36. INTERFERENCE: WHAT PRODUCES THE BLUE-GREEN OF A MORPHO'S WING?

36-1 Interference

36-2 Light as a Wave

36-3 Diffraction

36-4 Young's Interference Experiment

36-5 Coherence

36-6 Intensity in Double-Slit Interference

36-7 Interference from Thin Films

36-8 Michelson's Interferometer

Chapter 37. WHY DO THE COLORS IN A POINTILLISM PAINTING CHANGE WITH VIEWING DISTANCE?

37-1 Diffraction and the Wave Theory of Light

37-2 Diffraction from a Single Slit: Locating the

Minima

37-3 Single Slit Diffraction, Qualitatively

37-4 Single Slit Diffraction, Quantitatively

37-5 Diffraction from a Circular Aperture

37-6 Diffraction from a Double Slit

37-7 Diffraction Gratings

37-8 Gratings: Dispersion and Resolving Power

37-9 X-ray Diffraction

Chapter 38. RELATIVITY: WHY IS SPECIAL RELATIVITY SO IMPORTANT IN MODERN NAVIGATION?

38-1 What is Relativity All About?

38-2 The Postulates

38-3 Measuring an Event

38-4 Simultaneous Events

38-5 The Relativity of Time

38-6 The Relativity of Length

38-7 The Lorentz Transformation

38-8 Some Consequences of the Lorentz Equations

38-9 The Relativity of Velocities

38-10 The Doppler Effect

38-11 A New Look at Momentum

38-12 A New Look at Energy

APPENDICES

A. THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)

B. SOME FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS OF PHYSICS

C. SOME ASTRONOMICAL DATA

D. CONVERSION FACTORS

E. MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS

ANSWERS TO CHECKPOINTS AND ODD-NUMBERED QUESTIONS, EXERCISES AND PROBLEMS

INDEX