In Pavlov's famous experiment with the salivating dogs, what was the unconditioned stimulus (US)?
the dogs
salivation
the food
the bell
After conditioning, Little Albert feared rats as well as a white rabbit, a white glove, cotton balls, and even a white beard on a Santa Claus mask. This fear is an example of:
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
extinction
higher-order conditioning
In Watson's famous experiment with Little Albert, what was the unconditioned response (UR)?
white rat
loud noise
fear of the noise
fear of falling
When your mouth waters at the sight of a chocolate cake, it is an example of ___________.
operant conditioning
social learning
vicarious conditioning
classical conditioning
Suppose a boy learns to fear bees by being stung when he touches a bee. In this situation the unconditioned response (UR) is the ___________.
bee
sting
fear
crying
In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the ___________.
conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned stimulus is ambiguous
Carlos gets a soda every single time he puts money into the machine at work. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?
continuous reinforcement
variable ratio schedule
fixed ratio schedule
variable interval schedule
Which term best describes a situation when a person acquires a general sense of powerlessness and consequently stays in an abusive relationship?
passive aggressiveness
learned helplessness
avoidance behavior
temporary suppression
Anything that causes an increase in a response is a(n) ___________.
conditioned stimulus
reinforcement
punishment
unconditioned stimulus
Anything that causes a decrease in a response is a(n) ___________.
Negative reinforcement and punishment are ___________.
the same
the best ways to learn a new behavior
not the same because negative reinforcement increases behavior and punishment decreases behavior
not the same, even though they both decrease behavior
Making yourself study before you go to the movies is a good application of ___________.
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
the Premack principle
A cue that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence is known as a ___________.
primary reinforcer
negative reinforcer
discriminative stimulus
variable ratio stimulus
In Bandura's famous "Bobo" doll experiment, children who had seen the aggressive model were much more aggressive with the Bobo doll than children who had not seen the aggression. What form of learning is this?
observational learning
insight learning
latent learning
Insight is ___________.
based on unconscious classical conditioning
divinely inspired
a sudden flash of understanding
an artifact of operant conditioning
Latent learning occurs without being rewarded and ___________.
remains hidden until a future time when it is needed
is spontaneously recovered
serves no useful purpose
has been found only in nonhuman species
Albert Bandura's social learning theory emphasized ___________.
modeling
Observational learning theory suggests that we learn many behaviors by ___________
imitating others
observing our inner processes
teaching others
shaping our own and others behaviors
"Follow my lead" could be a motto for ___________.
Superstitious behavior occurs because ___________.
it has been reinforced on a fixed ratio schedule
a person or an animal thinks that a behavior causes a reinforcement to occur, but in reality the behavior and the reinforcement are not connected
it is reinforced on a random ratio schedule
the behavior and the reinforcement come in close proximity to one another, causing the superstitious behavior to increase in magnitude
Since the 1960s, environments have been found to cause dendritic branching, increase nerve growth factor, and improve learning and memory.
neurons often fire when humans perform certain behaviors or observe others.
While James was at the movies, he inhaled a large bucket of buttered popcorn. Later than evening he began to feel sick, and after that he has avoided eating popcorn. This is an example of ___________.
Smell aversion
Taste aversion
Morning sickness
Instinctive drift
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