Which of the following statements is TRUE about stimulation and performance?
Very low levels of arousal are associated with maximal performance.
Very high levels of arousal are associated with maximal performance.
Performance is maximized when arousal is at an "optimal" level that is not too high and not too low.
Level of arousal has no impact on performance.
According to ___________ theory, there is an ideal or optimal level of arousal that organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain.
arousal
drive-reduction
incentive
none of the above
According to Maslow's theory, in what order must needs be satisfied?
physiological◊ esteem◊ belonging and love◊ safety◊ self-actualization
safety◊ physiological◊ belonging and love◊ esteem◊ self-actualization
physiological◊ safety◊ belonging and love◊ esteem◊ self-actualization
physiological◊ safety◊ esteem◊ belonging and love◊ self-actualization
Which of the following is a characteristic of sensation seeking?
driving fast
traveling
easily bored
all of the above
Kate feels drawn toward completing her doctorate in psychology for a variety of reasons that include status, increased income, and the joy of knowing more about a field that she has aptitude for. Which of the following theories best explain her behavior?
drive-reduction theory
incentive theory
cognitive theory
___________ energizes and directs behavior; ___________ represents the "feeling" response.
instinct
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
The arousal motive ___________.
increases most people's need for achievement
is correlated with high self-esteem
leads us to seek novel and complex stimuli
is related to sexual dysfunction
Advance preparation and hard work are the most important ways to combat ___________.
arousal overload
low sensation seeking
test anxiety
all of these options
This is NOT characteristic of instincts.
unlearned
innate
universal
unique
According to the drive-reduction theory, motivation begins with a ___________.
goal
physiological need
cognitive need
motivational need
Nest building is an example of ___________.
drive reduction
an incentive motive
an instinct
This is NOT associated with the incentive theory of motivation.
external stimuli
an external "push"
obtaining reinforcement
avoiding punishment
Maslow's theory of motivation suggests that, compared to physiological needs and needs for safety, needs for belonging and self-esteem ___________.
differentiate us from other species
are satisfied first
are stronger
cannot be considered until the physiological and safety needs are met
Cognitive theories of motivation focus on ___________.
attributions for the causes of behavior
biological factors in thought processes
previous learning experience
the role of external stimuli
The psychologist associated with a hierarchy of needs is ___________.
Murray
Freud
Skinner
Maslow
The term refers to a set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward a goal.
A/An is a subjective feeling that includes arousal (heart pounding), cognitions (thoughts, values, and expectations), and expressions (frowns and smiles).
are behavioral patterns that are unlearned, always expressed in the same way, and universal in a species.
is a body's tendency to maintain a relatively stable state, such as a constant internal temperature.
theory suggests that motivation results from environmental stimuli that "pull" the organism in certain directions rather than internal needs that drive or "push" the organism.
Obesity can be defined as having a body weight ___________ or more above the ideal for one's height and age.
10%
15%
20%
25%
Which of the following statements about eating disorders is TRUE?
Eating disorders tend to be restricted to Caucasian females from upper-middle-class backgrounds.
Malnutrition in anorexics can cause a significant loss of brain tissue.
Cultural factors, such as an emphasis on thinness, are the exclusive cause of eating disorders.
All of the above statements are TRUE.
Which of the following is a symptom of anorexia nervosa?
absence of menstrual periods
recurring binge eating
fear of fat
both a and c are symptoms
Which of the following brain areas helps regulate eating, drinking, and body temperature?
hypothalamus
medulla
midbrain
Which of the following is characteristic of people high in the need for achievement?
preference for extremely difficult tasks
preference for competing against oneself rather than competing with others
preference for criticism from a harsh but competent evaluator rather than from one who is friendlier but less competent
Henry prefers moderately difficult tasks, wants a career that involves competition and personal responsibility, and will persist until a task is done. He most likely has a ___________.
high need for arousal
moderate need for sensation seeking
high nAch
Which of the following symptoms are common to BOTH anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?
self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body weight
issues of control
excessive exercise
Self-starvation and extreme weight loss are part of ___________, whereas intense, recurring episodes of binge eating, following by purging through vomiting or taking laxatives, are known as ___________.
bulimia; anorexia
anorexia; obesity
anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa
Which of the following limbic structures is involved in recognizing and controlling emotions particularly when the "fight-or-flight" response is engaged?
hippocampus
amygdala
both a and b
neither a nor b
Which of the following statements about smiling is TRUE?
A Duchenne smile is a "fake" smile.
A smile of real pleasure causes eye muscles to contract. In a fake smile, the eye muscles do not contract.
People cannot tell the difference between a genuine smile and a fake smile, and therefore respond the same to both.
Melba and Bill are studying psychology in Melba's apartment. Melba becomes very afraid when a mouse runs out from beneath her refrigerator. Bill laughs and says, "You are afraid because you are trembling." He is using which theory to explain how her fear is produced?
the James-Lange theory
the Cannon-Bard theory
the facial-feedback hypothesis
Schachter's two-factor theory
Dr. Amalfi, a psychologist, is driving and must swerve to miss a deer that suddenly appears in the road. He believes that his fear, trembling, and facial expressions all occurred at the same time. He is explaining his reaction using which theory?
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Darwin proposed that freely expressing an emotion intensifies it while suppressing outward expression of an emotion diminishes it.
Recent research suggests that watching another person's facial expressions causes an automatic reciprocal change in our own facial muscles.
The automatic mimicry of the facial expressions of others occurs only with the participant's conscious awareness.
All of the above statements are FALSE.
Which of the following states that movements of the facial muscles produce or intensify emotional reactions?
Both the cortex and limbic system are involved in ___________.
the experience of emotion
motivation and desire
reflexes and instincts
sham rage experiments
During an "emergency," epinephrine and norepinephrine help maintain the activation of the ___________ system.
limbic
sympathetic nervous
parasympathetic nervous
emotional motivation
The ___________ component of emotions involves active changes in the body, such as pupil dilation or increased heart rate.
cognitive
psychological
physiological
behavioral
You suddenly see an oncoming car in your lane. You swerve to miss it, and your car finally comes to a bouncing halt in the ditch at the side of the road. At this point you notice your high level of fear. This reaction best supports the ___________ theory of emotions.
Cannon-Bard
James-Lange
two-factor
common sense
The ___________ theory (hypothesis) suggests that an emotional experience and a body reaction occurs simultaneously.
Schachter's two-factor
facial feedback
You grin broadly while your best friend tells you she was just accepted at Harvard Medical School. The facial-feedback hypothesis predicts that you will feel ___________.
happy
envious
lonely
all of these emotions
You feel anxious because you are sweating and your heart is beating rapidly. This statement illustrates the ___________ theory of emotion.
physiological feedback
A therapist who believes in the facial-feedback hypothesis regarding emotions might prescribe this if you were depressed.
Prozac
record your thoughts whenever you feel depressed
smile at least three times a day
get a PET scan to see if your thalamus is functioning properly
Schachter's two-factor theory claims that we identify our emotions on the basis of ___________.
physiological changes, specifically changes related to epinephrine
external, environmental cues
genetic predispositions
homeostatic counterbalance
Schachter's two factor theory emphasizes the ___________ component of emotion.
stimulus-response
behavioral-imitation
According to research on the four theories of emotion, which of the following is true?
Facial feedback does seem to contribute to the intensity of emotions.
Some neural pathways involved in emotion bypass the cortex and go directly to the limbic system.
Victims of spinal-cord injuries continue to experience emotion
All of the above are true.
The theory suggests that emotions result from physiological arousal and behavioral expression.
The theory suggests that arousal, cognitions, and expression of emotions occur simultaneously. In this view, all emotions are physiologically similar.
Schachter's theory suggests that emotions result from physical arousal and a cognitive labeling or interpretation of that arousal that is based on external cues.
Roberto is cleaning out his family's garage in order to earn spending money and to avoid being grounded. Which type of motivation is driving this behavior?
intrinsic motivation
extrinsic motivation
both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
neither intrinsic nor extrinsic motivation
Sally wants to motivate her children to get better grades in school. According to research on rewards and motivation, which of the following may be the best approach?
Sally should consistently punish her children harshly for poor grades.
Sally should consistently give her children money for good grades.
Sally should occasionally surprise her children with a special treat when they earn good grades.
Sally should neither reward nor punish because all extrinsic motivation causes decreases in performance.
If you studied for this test solely to avoid a bad grade, it is most likely that you are ___________.
extrinsically motivated to study
intrinsically motivated to study
an above-average student
a typical student
The apparatus commonly used as a "lie detector" is called a(n) ___________.
electroencephalograph
EEG
polygraph
galvanograph
A polygraph is ___________.
An effective lie detector
A valid measure of lying
Ineffective at detecting lies
Which of the following is TRUE about the polygraph?
It does in fact measure sympathetic nervous system arousal.
It cannot tell which emotion is being felt.
Error rates range between 25 and 75 percent.
A bill passed by the U.S. Congress severely restricted the use of ___________ in the courts, government, and private industry.
rational thinking
democracy
consensus
polygraph tests
motivation is based on obvious external rewards or threats of punishment.
Across cultures, people can reliably identify at least ___________ basic emotions from a person's facial expression.
32
15
3
6
This is the end of the test. When you have completed all the questions and reviewed your answers, press the button below to grade the test.