Chapter 12 Practice Quiz

Which of the following statements is TRUE about stimulation and performance?

  

Very low levels of arousal are associated with maximal performance.

  

Very high levels of arousal are associated with maximal performance.

  

Performance is maximized when arousal is at an "optimal" level that is not too high and not too low.

  

Level of arousal has no impact on performance.



According to ___________ theory, there is an ideal or optimal level of arousal that organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain.

  

arousal

  

drive-reduction

  

incentive

  

none of the above



According to Maslow's theory, in what order must needs be satisfied?

  

physiological◊ esteem◊ belonging and love◊ safety◊ self-actualization

  

safety◊ physiological◊ belonging and love◊ esteem◊ self-actualization

  

physiological◊ safety◊ belonging and love◊ esteem◊ self-actualization

  

physiological◊ safety◊ esteem◊ belonging and love◊ self-actualization



Which of the following is a characteristic of sensation seeking?

  

driving fast

  

traveling

  

easily bored

  

all of the above



Kate feels drawn toward completing her doctorate in psychology for a variety of reasons that include status, increased income, and the joy of knowing more about a field that she has aptitude for. Which of the following theories best explain her behavior?

  

drive-reduction theory

  

incentive theory

  

cognitive theory

  

none of the above



___________ energizes and directs behavior; ___________ represents the "feeling" response.

  

instinct

  

incentive

  

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

  

drive-reduction



The arousal motive ___________.

  

increases most people's need for achievement

  

is correlated with high self-esteem

  

leads us to seek novel and complex stimuli

  

is related to sexual dysfunction



Advance preparation and hard work are the most important ways to combat ___________.

  

arousal overload

  

low sensation seeking

  

test anxiety

  

all of these options



This is NOT characteristic of instincts.

  

unlearned

  

innate

  

universal

  

unique



According to the drive-reduction theory, motivation begins with a ___________.

  

goal

  

physiological need

  

cognitive need

  

motivational need



Nest building is an example of ___________.

  

drive reduction

  

an incentive motive

  

an instinct

  

all of these options



This is NOT associated with the incentive theory of motivation.

  

external stimuli

  

an external "push"

  

obtaining reinforcement

  

avoiding punishment



Maslow's theory of motivation suggests that, compared to physiological needs and needs for safety, needs for belonging and self-esteem ___________.

  

differentiate us from other species

  

are satisfied first

  

are stronger

  

cannot be considered until the physiological and safety needs are met



Cognitive theories of motivation focus on ___________.

  

attributions for the causes of behavior

  

biological factors in thought processes

  

previous learning experience

  

the role of external stimuli



The psychologist associated with a hierarchy of needs is ___________.

  

Murray

  

Freud

  

Skinner

  

Maslow



The term refers to a set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward a goal.



A/An is a subjective feeling that includes arousal (heart pounding), cognitions (thoughts, values, and expectations), and expressions (frowns and smiles).



are behavioral patterns that are unlearned, always expressed in the same way, and universal in a species.



is a body's tendency to maintain a relatively stable state, such as a constant internal temperature.



theory suggests that motivation results from environmental stimuli that "pull" the organism in certain directions rather than internal needs that drive or "push" the organism.



Obesity can be defined as having a body weight ___________ or more above the ideal for one's height and age.

  

10%

  

15%

  

20%

  

25%



Which of the following statements about eating disorders is TRUE?

  

Eating disorders tend to be restricted to Caucasian females from upper-middle-class backgrounds.

  

Malnutrition in anorexics can cause a significant loss of brain tissue.

  

Cultural factors, such as an emphasis on thinness, are the exclusive cause of eating disorders.

  

All of the above statements are TRUE.



Which of the following is a symptom of anorexia nervosa?

  

absence of menstrual periods

  

recurring binge eating

  

fear of fat

  

both a and c are symptoms



Which of the following brain areas helps regulate eating, drinking, and body temperature?

  

hypothalamus

  

medulla

  

midbrain

  

all of the above



Which of the following is characteristic of people high in the need for achievement?

  

preference for extremely difficult tasks

  

preference for competing against oneself rather than competing with others

  

preference for criticism from a harsh but competent evaluator rather than from one who is friendlier but less competent

  

all of the above



Henry prefers moderately difficult tasks, wants a career that involves competition and personal responsibility, and will persist until a task is done. He most likely has a ___________.

  

high need for arousal

  

moderate need for sensation seeking

  

high nAch

  

none of the above



Which of the following symptoms are common to BOTH anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?

  

self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body weight

  

issues of control

  

excessive exercise

  

all of the above



Self-starvation and extreme weight loss are part of ___________, whereas intense, recurring episodes of binge eating, following by purging through vomiting or taking laxatives, are known as ___________.

  

bulimia; anorexia

  

anorexia; obesity

  

anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa

  

none of the above



Which of the following limbic structures is involved in recognizing and controlling emotions particularly when the "fight-or-flight" response is engaged?

  

hippocampus

  

amygdala

  

both a and b

  

neither a nor b



Which of the following statements about smiling is TRUE?

  

A Duchenne smile is a "fake" smile.

  

A smile of real pleasure causes eye muscles to contract. In a fake smile, the eye muscles do not contract.

  

People cannot tell the difference between a genuine smile and a fake smile, and therefore respond the same to both.

  

All of the above statements are TRUE.



Melba and Bill are studying psychology in Melba's apartment. Melba becomes very afraid when a mouse runs out from beneath her refrigerator. Bill laughs and says, "You are afraid because you are trembling." He is using which theory to explain how her fear is produced?

  

the James-Lange theory

  

the Cannon-Bard theory

  

the facial-feedback hypothesis

  

Schachter's two-factor theory



Dr. Amalfi, a psychologist, is driving and must swerve to miss a deer that suddenly appears in the road. He believes that his fear, trembling, and facial expressions all occurred at the same time. He is explaining his reaction using which theory?

  

the James-Lange theory

  

the Cannon-Bard theory

  

the facial-feedback hypothesis

  

Schachter's two-factor theory



Which of the following statements is FALSE?

  

Darwin proposed that freely expressing an emotion intensifies it while suppressing outward expression of an emotion diminishes it.

  

Recent research suggests that watching another person's facial expressions causes an automatic reciprocal change in our own facial muscles.

  

The automatic mimicry of the facial expressions of others occurs only with the participant's conscious awareness.

  

All of the above statements are FALSE.



Which of the following states that movements of the facial muscles produce or intensify emotional reactions?

  

the James-Lange theory

  

the Cannon-Bard theory

  

the facial-feedback hypothesis

  

Schachter's two-factor theory



Both the cortex and limbic system are involved in ___________.

  

the experience of emotion

  

motivation and desire

  

reflexes and instincts

  

sham rage experiments



During an "emergency," epinephrine and norepinephrine help maintain the activation of the ___________ system.

  

limbic

  

sympathetic nervous

  

parasympathetic nervous

  

emotional motivation



The ___________ component of emotions involves active changes in the body, such as pupil dilation or increased heart rate.

  

cognitive

  

psychological

  

physiological

  

behavioral



You suddenly see an oncoming car in your lane. You swerve to miss it, and your car finally comes to a bouncing halt in the ditch at the side of the road. At this point you notice your high level of fear. This reaction best supports the ___________ theory of emotions.

  

Cannon-Bard

  

James-Lange

  

two-factor

  

common sense



The ___________ theory (hypothesis) suggests that an emotional experience and a body reaction occurs simultaneously.

  

James-Lange

  

Schachter's two-factor

  

Cannon-Bard

  

facial feedback



You grin broadly while your best friend tells you she was just accepted at Harvard Medical School. The facial-feedback hypothesis predicts that you will feel ___________.

  

happy

  

envious

  

lonely

  

all of these emotions



You feel anxious because you are sweating and your heart is beating rapidly. This statement illustrates the ___________ theory of emotion.

  

James-Lange

  

two-factor

  

Cannon-Bard

  

physiological feedback



A therapist who believes in the facial-feedback hypothesis regarding emotions might prescribe this if you were depressed.

  

Prozac

  

record your thoughts whenever you feel depressed

  

smile at least three times a day

  

get a PET scan to see if your thalamus is functioning properly



Schachter's two-factor theory claims that we identify our emotions on the basis of ___________.

  

physiological changes, specifically changes related to epinephrine

  

external, environmental cues

  

genetic predispositions

  

homeostatic counterbalance



Schachter's two factor theory emphasizes the ___________ component of emotion.

  

stimulus-response

  

cognitive

  

behavioral-imitation

  

physiological



According to research on the four theories of emotion, which of the following is true?

  

Facial feedback does seem to contribute to the intensity of emotions.

  

Some neural pathways involved in emotion bypass the cortex and go directly to the limbic system.

  

Victims of spinal-cord injuries continue to experience emotion

  

All of the above are true.



The theory suggests that emotions result from physiological arousal and behavioral expression.



The theory suggests that arousal, cognitions, and expression of emotions occur simultaneously. In this view, all emotions are physiologically similar.



Schachter's theory suggests that emotions result from physical arousal and a cognitive labeling or interpretation of that arousal that is based on external cues.



Roberto is cleaning out his family's garage in order to earn spending money and to avoid being grounded. Which type of motivation is driving this behavior?

  

intrinsic motivation

  

extrinsic motivation

  

both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

  

neither intrinsic nor extrinsic motivation



Sally wants to motivate her children to get better grades in school. According to research on rewards and motivation, which of the following may be the best approach?

  

Sally should consistently punish her children harshly for poor grades.

  

Sally should consistently give her children money for good grades.

  

Sally should occasionally surprise her children with a special treat when they earn good grades.

  

Sally should neither reward nor punish because all extrinsic motivation causes decreases in performance.



If you studied for this test solely to avoid a bad grade, it is most likely that you are ___________.

  

extrinsically motivated to study

  

intrinsically motivated to study

  

an above-average student

  

a typical student



The apparatus commonly used as a "lie detector" is called a(n) ___________.

  

electroencephalograph

  

EEG

  

polygraph

  

galvanograph



A polygraph is ___________.

  

An effective lie detector

  

A valid measure of lying

  

Ineffective at detecting lies

  

all of the above



Which of the following is TRUE about the polygraph?

  

It does in fact measure sympathetic nervous system arousal.

  

It cannot tell which emotion is being felt.

  

Error rates range between 25 and 75 percent.

  

All of the above are true.



A bill passed by the U.S. Congress severely restricted the use of ___________ in the courts, government, and private industry.

  

rational thinking

  

democracy

  

consensus

  

polygraph tests



motivation is based on obvious external rewards or threats of punishment.



Across cultures, people can reliably identify at least ___________ basic emotions from a person's facial expression.

  

32

  

15

  

3

  

6





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