This book would not have been possible without the help of many great people. We are grateful to all the authors for their submissions and their patience, and to all the reviewers for valuable and useful reviews. Mohamed Fayad would like to take this opportunity to say that it was an honor to work with the other two editors for this book, Douglas Schmidt and Ralph Johnson, and with all the authors and reviewers. This was a wonderful and enjoyable project because of your tremendous help and extensive patience.

The editors wish to thank all of those who have had a part in the production of this book. First, and foremost, we owe our families a huge debt of gratitude for being so patient while we have put their world in a whirl by injecting this writing activity into their already full lives. We also thank the various reviewers and editors that have helped in so many ways putting the book together. We thank our associates who have offered their advice and wisdom in defining the content of the book. We also owe a special thanks to those who have worked on the various projects covered in the case studies and examples.

Mohamed Fayad: "A special thanks to my wife Raefa, my lovely daughters: Rodina and Rawan, and my son Ahmad for their great patience and understanding. Special thanks to my friend Mauri Laitinen for his encouragement and long discussion about the topics and the issues in this book. Thanks to all my students, in particular Amr Yassin and Jinkun Hu, David Naney, Sanjeev Sagen, and Adam Altman to my friend Jun Gu, Marshall Cline, W.T. Tsai, Solomon Gabraiel, Abd AlAziz Khamis, and Yasser alSafadi for their encouragement during this project, and to the Communications of ACM staff -- Diana Crawford, Tom Lambert, and Robert Fox for their support."

We thank all the following contributors for their tremendous effort and patience in making this volume a reality. We also thank all the contributors who participated in the review process for their valuable comments and excellent reviews. This volume provides a unique source and a wide spectrum of knowledge to aid software vendors, managers, developers, and users in their journey to manage, develop, adapt, and utilize application and enterprise frameworks. It is an appropriate book for a variety of graduate courses in advanced software engineering, reuse, framework technology and others. It is also a single source for conducting research in component-based reuse and object-oriented application and enterprise frameworks. It was a great honor to work with all of you. The volume was made possible only by the enormous efforts of the contributors; we sincerely thank all you:

Mehmet Aksit

University of Twente, The Netherlands

Paulo S.C. Alencar

University of Waterloo, Canada

Jagdish Bansiya

Southern Polytechnic State University, USA

Dirk Bäumer

Object Technology International, Switzerland

PerOlof Bengtsson

University of Karlskrona/Ronneby, Sweden

Lodewijk Bergmans

University of Twente, The Netherlands

Joan Boone

IBM Corporation, USA

Jan Bosch

University of Karlskrona/Ronneby, Sweden

R J A Buhr

Carleton University, Canada

Gregory Butler

Concordia University, Canada

Susan G. Carpenter

IBM Corporation, USA

Marshall Cline

MT Systems, USA

Don Cowan

University of Waterloo, Canada

Pierre Dénommée

Concordia University, Canada

Desmond F. D'Souza

ICON Computing, USA

Jutta Eckstein

Consultant, Germany

John M. Favaro

Intecs Sistemi S.p.A, Italy

Kenneth R. Favaro

Marakon Associates, UK

Marcus F. Fontoura

PUC-Rio, Brazil

Garry Frioehlich

University of Alberta, Canada

Alejandra Garrido

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA

Mike Girou

MT Systems, USA

Michael Goedicke

University of Essen, Germany

Guido Gryczan

University of Hamburg, Germany

David Hamu

TRW, USA

H. James Hoover

University of Alberta, Canada

Eyõun Eli Jacobsen

The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute for Production Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark

Art Jolin

IBM Corporation, USA

Steven R. Jones

ISA Services, USA

Graham King

Southampton Institute, UK

Rolf Knoll

RWG GmbH, Germany

Kai Koskimies

Tampere University of Technology, Finland

Mauri Laitinen

Laitinen Consulting, USA

Dave Lavin

Object Technology International, USA

Carola Lilienthal

University of Hamburg, Germany

Ling Liu

University of Alberta, Canada

Carlos J.P. Lucena

PUC-Rio, Brazil

Melissa L. Major

Software Architects, USA

Boris Magnusson,

Lund Institute of Technology, Sweden

Francesco Marcelloni

Universita` degli Studi di Pisa, Italy

Michael Mattsson

University of Karlskrona/Ronneby, Sweden

John D. McGregor

Clemson University & Software Architects, USA

James C. McKim, Jr.

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA

Torsten Meyer

University of Essen, Germany

Granville G. Miller

Make Systems, USA

Hafedh Mili

Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada

Peter Molin

University of Karlskrona/Ronneby, Sweden

Torsten Nelson

University of Waterloo, Canada

Palle Nowack

The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute for Production Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark

Wolfgang Pree

University of Constance, Germany

David C. Raines

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA

Paolo Predonzani

DIST - Universita' di Genova, Italy

Dirk Riehle

UBS AG, Switzerland

Gustavo Rossi

University of La Plata, Argentina

Andreas Rüping
sd&m software design & management GmbH & Co.KG, Germany

Houari Sahraoui

Centre de Recherche Informatique de Montréal, Canada

Hans Albrecht Schmid

University for Applied Research, Konstanz, Germany

Paul Sorenson

University of Alberta, Canada

Neelam Soundarajan

Ohio State University, USA

Giancarlo Succi

The University of Calgary, Canada

Bedir Tekinerdogan,

University of Twente, The Netherlands

Andrea Valerio

DIST - Universita' di Genova, Italy

Jean Vaucher

Université De Montréal, Canada

Tullio Vernazza

DIST - Universita' di Genova, Italy

Alan Cameron Wills

TriReme International Ltd, UK

Wang Yingxu

IVP Centre for Software Engineering, Sweden

Howard Young

IBM Corporation, USA

Heinz Züllighoven

University of Hamburg, Germany

We would like to give a special thanks to all the reviewers for their useful reviews, helpful critiques, and invaluable insights that have resulted in a clearer presentation and more integrated book than anything that the editors could do alone. This manuscript is one of three-volume work on frameworks and has been thoroughly reviewed by more than 500 reviewers. Reviewer comments contributed immeasurably to the making of this book. As editors, we have been honored to work with all of you and let me assure you that all your valuable comments have led to improvements in the content and presentation of this book. Thank you all. We wish to recognize:

Amund Aarsten

Politecnico di Torino, Italy

Gregory Abowd

Georgia Institute of Technology, USA

Muhammad S. Al-Mulhem

King Fahd University, Saudi Arabia

Khalid Al-Tawil

King Fahd University, Saudi Arabia

Bruce Ambler

Lucent Technologies, USA

Dana L. G. Anthony

Knowledge Systems Corporation, USA

Semyon Axelrod

Born, USA

Chris Baas

IC Group, The Netherlands

Peter C. Bahrs

IBM Corporation, USA

Guruduth Banavar

IBM Corporation, USA

Leonor Barroca

The Open University, UK

Naser S. Barghouti

Bear Stearns & Co., USA

Len Bass

SEI, USA

Derek Beatty

Motorola, USA

Mark W Beall

RPI, USA

Fábio Beckenkamp

University of Constance, Germany

Kent Beck

Consultant, USA

Peter Beijderwellen

Origin/Nieuwegein B.V, The Netherlands

Kevin M. Benner

United HealthCare Corporation, USA

Steve Berczuk

Netsuite Development Corporation, USA

Katherine Betz

IBM Corporation, USA

Kyle Brown

Knowledge Systems Corp., USA

Bent Bruun Kristensen

Odense University, Denmark

Davide Brugali

Politecnico di Torino, Italy

Barrett Bryant

The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA

Frank Buschmann

Siemens AG, Germany

Vinny Cahill

Trinity College Dublin, Ireland

Giuseppe Calavaro

N/A

Roy H. Campbell

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA

Marcelo Campo

Braziel

C. Canal

University of Malaga, Spain

Miriam A. M. Capretz

Japan

Luiz Fernando Capretz

Japan

Riccardo Capobianchi

France

Denis Carcagno

France

Todd Carrico

N/A

K. Mani Chandy

Caltech, USA

M. Chaudhry

University of MO, Kansas City, USA

Ian Chang

Microsoft Corp., USA

Sally Chan

Boeing, USA

D.J. Chen

Tiawan

Sao-Jie Chen

National Taiwan University, Tiawan

Paul Clements

Software Engineering Institute, USA

Wim Codenie

OO Partners, Belgium

Sholom Cohen

SEI, USA

Chris Grimes

USA

Robert M. Cubert

University of Florida, USA

Arco Dalebout

The Netherlands

Bill Gardner

University of Victoria, Canada

Dennis DeBruler

Lucent Technologies, USA

Jean-Marc Debaud

Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering, Germany

Chris Dee

Logica UK

David E. DeLano

AG Communication Systems, USA

Serge Demeyer

University of Berne, The Netherlands

Adriano DeOliveira

USA

Beat Liver

Swiss TELECOM PTT, Switzerland

Brad A. Myers

Carnegie Mellon University, USA

Martine Devos

AGRO, Belgium

Wally Dietrich

IBM Corporation, USA

Christophe Dony

LIRMM, Montpellier-II University, France

Dov Dori

Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel

Juergen Dorn

Technische Universitaet Wien, Austria

David Doscher

Sematech, USA

Richard T. Due

Consultant, Canada

Daniel Dvorak

Jet Propulsion Lab, Caltech, USA

Ayman EL-Dessouki

Electronics Research Institute, Egypt

Tzilla Elrad

Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), USA

Jonathan Engelsma

Motorola, USA

Hakan Erdogmus

Canada

Karin Erni

Denmark

Rob Farmelo

HP, USA

David Feldt

All State, USA

Shawn Ferriss

Intel, USA

Paul A. Fishwick

University of Florida, USA

Peter Fischer

USA

Brian Foote

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA

Martin Fowler

Consultant, USA

Michael Franz

USA

Annick FRON

Consultant, Frence

Lidia Fuentes

University of Malaga, Span

Erich Gamma

Object Technology International

Steve Garone

International Data Corporation

Amy S. Gause

Knowledge Systems Corporation, USA

Andreas Gehmeyr

Siemens AG, Germany

Patty Genualdi

AG Communication Systems, USA

Debra Gesimondo

Cambridge Technology Partners, USA

Greg P. Gibson

AG Communication Systems, USA

Jim Godwin

T&PC, USA

Michael Goedicke

Informatik.uni-essen, Denmark

Adele Goldberg

Neometron, USA

Charles Weir

UK

Christopher Moore

Parcplace, USA

Clemens Szyperski

Australia

Sanjiv Gossain

Cambridge Technology Partners, UK

Jeff Gray

Vanderbilt University, USA

R. W. Griffiths

The Open University, UK

Rachid GUERRAOUI

EPFL

Mohsen Guizani

King Fahd University, Saudi Arabia

Fuyin (F.) Guo

Nortel Technology, Canada

Jurg Gutknecht

ETH Zentrum, Switzerland

Robert Hanmer

Lucent Technologies, USA

Neil Harrison

Lucent Technologies, USA

Sandi Haselman

Capital One Services, USA

Saniya Ben Hassen

IBM Corporation, Europe

Rick Hayes-Roth

Teknowledge, USA

Gorel Hedin

Aarhus University, Denmark

Daniel Heiniger

N/A

James E Heliotis

RIT, USA

Pedro Rangel Henriques

Universidade do Minho, Portugal

Sallie Henry

Virginia Tech, USA

Jos van Hillegersberg

The Netherlands

Robert Hodges

Texas Instruments, USA

S. Holland

The Open University, UK

Glenn Hollowell

Texas Instruments, USA

Wade Holst

University of Alberta, Canada

Koen De Hondt

N/A

HEn-Hsin Huang

ITT, USA

Eric Hughes

The MITRE Corporation, USA

James C. Hu

Entera, Inc., USA

Jinkun Hu

Philips Research

Bruce Hyre

Knowledge Systems Corporation, USA

Chris Jacobson

GemStone Systems, USA

JAL Ghinwa Jalloul

American University, Lebnan

David A. Janello

AllState, USA

W.J. Jansen

The Netherlands

Tom Jell

Siemens AG, Germany

Jean-Marc Jezequel

IRISA, France

Gary Johnston

IBM Corporation, USA

Art Jolin

IBM Corporation, USA

Don Jones

PNL, USA

Wouter Joosen

K.U.Leuven, Belgium

Dejan Jovanovic

Newbridge Networks Corporation, Canada

Joseph R. Kiniry

Caltech, USA

Kaj Hoglund

Finland

Raman Kannan

Monmouth University, USA

Epaminondas Kapetanios

Institute for Information Systems, Switzerland

Arthur M. Keller

Stanford, USA

Rudolf K. keller

University of Montreal, Canada

Thomas L. Keller

PNL, USA

Liz Kendall

Royal Melbourne Institute Of Technology, Australia

Ivan Kiselev

N/A

Jørgen Lindskov Knudsen

University of Aarhus, Denmark

Hartmut Kocher

N/A

Jari Koistinen

Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, USA

Peter Kriens

AQute, Sweden

Dinesh C. Kulkarni

IBM Global Services, USA

Daniel Kunzle

N/A

Yau-Hwang Kuo

Tiwan

Chris Laffra

IBM Corporation, USA

Philippe Lalanda

Thomson, France

Terence L. Lammers

Boeing, USA

Joachim Laubsch

Hewlett-Packard, USA

R. Greg Lavender

University of Texas, USA

Doug Lea

SUNY Oswego, USA

Franck Lebastard

CERMICS, France

William G. Lederer

MCS, USA

Sai Peck Lee

N/A

Shiuh-Chu Lee

Tiwan

Wenke Lee

Columbia University, USA

Deborah Leishman

IBM Corporation, USA

Richard M. Librizzi

MRJ Technology Solutions, USA

Gary Lindstrom

Uiversity of Utah, USA

Stan Lippman

Walt Disney Feature Animation, USA

Steven Litvintchouk

The MITRE Corporation, USA

Beat Liver

USA

Cristina Lopes

XEROX Palo Alto Research Center, USA

Claudio Lottaz

N/A

Gillian Lovegrove

Staffordshire University, UK

Bruce W. Lowther

Micron Technology, USA

Wolfgang Lugmayr

Technical University of Vienna, Austria

Mats Lundeborg

Entra Business Objects, Sweden

Zakaria MAAMAR

Defence Research Establishment Valcartier, Canada

M.D. Macgregor

The Open University, UK

Stuart Maclean

Consultant, UK

Kai-Uwe Maetzel

UBS Information Technology Lab (Ubilab), Switzerland

Silvano Maffeis

SoftWired, Switzerland

Raam Mahadevan

Boeing, USA

Nadine Malcolm

Ascent Logic Corporation, USA

Vishv Malhotra <vmm@eecs.utas.edu.au>,

Dino Mandrioli

Politecnico di Milano, Italy

Pierre Marcenac

France

Robert Martin

Object Mentor Inc, USA

Alfredo Matteo

Centro ISYS, Venezuela

Paul E. McKenney

Sequent Computer Systems, USA

Anneliese von Mayrhauser

Colorado State, USA

Christine McKenna

Teknowledge, USA

Uday Mehta

Altasoft, USA

Theo Dirk Meijler

Baan Labs, The Netherlands

Giuseppe Menga

Politecnico di Torino, Italy

Tim Menzies

University of NSW, Australia

Bruno Messmer

Swiss Telecom, Switzerland

Torsten Meyer

informatik.uni-essen, Denmark

Michel Tilman

N/A

Joaquin Miller

Systemhouse, USA

Naftaly H. Minsky

Rutgers, USA

Daniel Miranker

University of Texas, USA

Anil Mishra

AT&T, USA

Rokia Missaoui

UQAM, Canada

Ralf Moeller

Informatik.uni-hamburg, Denmark

Hanspeter Moessenboeck

University of Linz, Austria

Richard Mraz

USAFA, USA

Rudolf Mueller

Maastricht University, The Netherland

Vijay Musuvathy

TPC/Metamor Worldwide, USA

Sanjay Nadimpall

Sequent Computer Systems, USA

Mark W Beall

RPI, USA

Pascal NEGROS

Frence

James Newkirk

Object Mentor, USA

Jill Nicola

JEN Consulting, USA

Pekka Nikander

Finland

Maria Noack

Motorola Somerset, USA

Aruna Nookala

3M, USA

Charles Norton

NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), USA

Kurt Nxrmark

Aalborg University, Denmark

Moira Norrie

ETH Zentrum, Switzerland

BELKHATIR Noureddine

France

Jeff Oakes

The Hartford, USA

Alan O'Callaghan

De Montfort University, UK

Markku Oivo

VTT Electronics, Finland

Don Olson

AGCS, USA

Bill Opdyke

Lucent Technologies/Bell Labs Innovations, USA

Francois PACHET

Universite P.& M. Curie, France

J.-L. Pacherie

France

Partha pratim Pal

BBN

Rajendra Panwar

IBM Corporation, USA

Juha Parssinen

Finland

Peter F. Patel-Schneider

Bell Labs, USA

Dilip Patel

South Bank University, UK

Adam Pease

Teknowledge, USA

Amund Aarsten

Politecnico di Torino, Italy

Mor Peleg

Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel

Louis Perrochon

Stanford University, USA

Yardena Peres

IBM Corporation, USA

Robert Pfeiffer

Reflective Software Engineering, USA

Cuno Pfister

Oberon microsystems, Inc., Switzerland

Frantisek Plasil

Charles University, Czech Republic

Andy Pols

Consultant, UK

Kevin Pollari

Anderson Consulting, USA

Diana Popova

University of Victoria, Canada

Tom Price

Braziel

Andreas Prodromidis

Columbia University, USA

Ali Rafiq

Nokia Telecomunications PTY LTD, Australia

Bindu Rama Rao

MCS, USA

Ammar Rayes

Bellcore, USA

David Rhodes

Rhodes Consulting & Technologies, USA

Chris Richardson

Component Systems, USA

Adam Rifkin

CalTech, USA

David C. Rine

George Mason University, USA

Linda Rising

AG Communication Systems, USA

Don Roberts

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA

Francisco Assis Rosa

INESC, Portugal

Bob Royce

Arbor Intelligent Systems

Daniel Roy

SEI, USA

Pierre ROY

LAFORIA, France

Richard M. Rubin

Consultant, USA

Raj Saksena

Canada

Albert Schappert

Siemens AG, Germany

Alice Schafer

The MITRE Corporation, USA

Karen L. Schuchardt

PNL, USA

Hans Albrecht Schmid

University of Applied Research, Germany

Klaus Schmid

Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental, Germany

Robert Schettini

American Management Systems, USA

Ahmed Seffah

Computer Research Institute of Montreal , Canada

Andreas Roesel

ABB Corporate Research Heidelberg, Germany

Arnon Rosenthal

The MITRE Corporation, USA

Sanjeev Segan

Seimens, USA

Frank Seliger

IBM Deutschland Entwicklung GmbH, Germany

Micaela Serra

University of Victoria, Canada

Muhammad Shafique

King Fahd University, Saudi Arabia

Mark Shephard

RPI, USA

Dilma Menezes da Silva

University of São Paulo, BRAZIL

Antonio Rito da Silva

INESC, Portugal

Ian Smith

N/A

Savitha Srinivasan

IBM Corporation, USA

Verlyn M Johnson

IBM Corporation, USA

Chris Stary

Uinversity of Linz

Jim Stafford

RABA Technologies, USA

Ruth Stalker

N/A

Patrick Steyaert

MediaGeniX, Belgium

Duane Szafron

University of Alberta, Canada

Oryal Tanir

Bell Canada, Canada

Hugh L. Taylor

PNL, USA

Jean Tessier

AT&T, USA

Ron Ten-Hove

USA

J. Patrick Thompson

Microsoft, USA

Jon E. Thrane

Computas AS, Norway

Michel Tilman

Unisys Belgium

Frank Tip

IBM Corporation, USA

Ashutosh Tiwary

Boeing, USA

Steve Tockey

Rockwell Avionics & Communications, USA

J. M. Troya

University of Malaga, Spain

Pei-Lei Tu

IBM Corporation, USA

Paul Turner

Persistence, USA

Greg Utas

Nortel, USA

Stefan Vaillant

Nokia Telecommunications GmbH, Germany

Arlette Vercammen

OO Partners

John Vergo

IBM Corporation, USA

Ufuk Verun

Tellabs,

Sergio Viademonte

Universitaet Konstanz, Germany

Kateel Vijayananda

Swisscom AG, Switzerland

Harrick M. Vin

University of Texas, USA

Steve Vinoski

HP Lab, USA

Kerstin Voigt

California State University, San Bernardino, USA

Pnina Vortman

IBM Corporation, USA

Mark Wai

Frontier Systems Architecture, USA

Eugene Wallingford

Univ. of Northern Iowa, USA

Jin Wang

Lucent Technologies, USA

Yung-Hsin Wang

Tatung Institute of Technology, Taiwan

Eric Wegscheider

Objectquest, USA

Peter Wegner

Brown University, USA

Liu Wenyin

Tsinghua University, China

Roger K. White

Hekimian Laboratories, USA

Joseph White

USA

Gio Wiederhold

Stanford University, USA

Adam Wildavsky

Tame Software Inc., USA

Laird C. Williams

Rockwell International, USA

Bob Wilhelm

Objective Control, USA

Mark W. Windholtz

ObjectWind, USA

Jim Withey

Carnegie Mellon University, USA

Alexander Wong

Intel Technology CAD, USA

John C. Xiao

IBM Corporation, USA

Bobby Woolf

Consultant, USA

Mark Woodman

The Open University, UK

Hiroyuki Yamada

Ehime University, Japan

DerShung Yang

Altasoft, USA

Amr F. Yassin

University of Nevada, USA

Barbara Yates

Bytesmiths, USA

George M. Yee

Nortel Networks, Canada

Jimmie Young

Consultant, USA

Shyan-Ming Yuan

Tiewan

Bernard P. Zeigler

University of Arizona, USA

Dan Zimmerman

Caltech, USA

Gabi Zodik

IBM Corporation, USA

All the reviewers without exception deserve awards for their excellent comments and timely reviews. As I promised, we will award ten reviewers a copy of this book. These reviewers were drawn randomly by my youngest daughter Rawan (five years old). This is just a token of appreciation to all the reviewers. Thank you all for remarkable contributions (your reviews) to this book.

Mehmt Aksit

University of Twente, The Netherlands

Jan Bosch

University of Karlskrona/Ronneby, Sweden

Gerald Baumgartner

Ohio State University, USA

Hernán Austudillo R.

Universidade de São Paulo, Barzil

Raman Kannan

Monmouth University & GovPx, USA

Franklisek Plasil

Charles University, Czech Republic

Dirk Riehle

UBS AG, Switzerland

Adam Rifkin

Caltech, USA

Linda Rising

AG Communication Systems, USA

Dilma Memzes da Silva

University of São Paulo, BRAZIL

We are grateful to all the authors for their submission and their patience, and review committee members for valuable and useful reviews on all the submissions for ACM Computing Surveys symposium. In particular, we wish to recognize: Liz Kendall, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology - RMIT (Australia), Juergen Dorn, Technische Universitaet Wien (Austria), Dilma Menezes da Silva, University of São Paulo (Brazil), Paulo S.C. Alencar, University of Waterloo (Canada), Zakaria Maamar, Defence Research Establishment Valcartier (Canada), Diana Popova (Canada), Giancarlo Succi, University of Calgary (Canada), Jørgen Lindskov Knudsen, University of Aarhus (Denmark), Jean-Marc Jezequel, IRISA/CNRS (Frence), Francois Pachet, SONY CSL (France), Jutta Eckstein (Germany), Liu Wenyin, Technion (Israel) & Tsinghua University (PR China), Alberto Coen-Porisini, Politecnico di Milano (Italy), Davide Brugali, Politecnico di Torino (Italy), Andrea Valerio, Universita` di Genova (Italy), Mehmet Aksit, University of Twente (The Netherlands), Lidia Fuentes Fernandez, Universidad de Malaga (Spain), Jan Bosch, University of Karlskrona/Ronneby (Sweden), Gorel Hedin, Lund University (Sweden), Rachid Guerraoui Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - SFIT (Switzerland), Ehab Al-Shaer, DePaul University (USA), Guruduth Banavar, IBM TJ Watson Research Center (USA), Sally Chan, Boeing Commercial Airplane (USA), Art Jolin, IBM (USA), Raman Kannan, Monmouth University & GovPx (USA), Dinesh Kalkarni, IBM Global Services (USA), Granville Miller, Make Systems (USA), Partha Pratim Pal, BBN Corp. (USA), Dave Rine, George Mason University (USA), Mark Wai, Frontier Systems Architecture (USA), and Jimmie Young Selectrica (USA). We would like to thank the staff of ACM Computing Surveys for their help in producing this symposium.

We are very grateful to the editors at John Wiley & Sons. Thanks to Marjorie Spencer for her belief and support of the book, to Margaret Hendrey for her patience and for helping me to bring this text together, and to Marnie Wielage for overseeing the production of such a gigantic project.