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Immunology A Short Course, Fourth Edition
Eli Benjamini, Richard Coico, and Geoffrey Sunshine Paper • February 2000 • 500 pp. • 0-471-34890-2 |
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- Preface and Acknowledgments
- Preface and Acknowledgments to the Third Edition
- Preface to the Second Edition
- Preface to the First Edition
- Acknowledgments to the First and Second Editions
- 1. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
- Introduction
- Overview
- Preface and Acknowledgments to the Third Edition
- Innate and Acquired Immunity
- Active, Passive, and Adoptive Immunization
- Characteristics of the Immune Response
- Cells Involved in the Acquired Immune Response
- Clonal Selection Theory
- Humoral and Cellular Immunity
- Generation of Diversity in the Immune Response
- Benefits of Immunology
- Damaging Effects of the Immune Response
- Regulation of the Immune Response
- The Future of Immunology
- Active, Passive, and Adoptive Immunization
- 2. ELEMENTS OF INNATE AND ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
- Introduction
- Innate (Nonspecific) Immunity
- Introduction
- Physiologic and Chemical Barriers (Skin andMucous Membranes)
- Cellular Defenses
- Phagocytosis and Extracellular Killing
- Inflammation
- Fever
- Biologically Active Substances
- Cellular Defenses
- Acquired Immunity
- Cells Involved in the Immune Response
- Lymphatic Organs
- Lymphocyte Recirculation
- The Fate of Antigen After Penetration
- Interrelationship Between Innate and Acquired Immunity
- Summary
- References
- Review Questions
- Answers to Review Questions
- 3. IMMUNOGENS AND ANTIGENS
- Introduction
- Requirements for Immunogenicity
- The Fate of Antigen After Penetration
- Foreignness
- High Molecular Weight
- Chemical Complexity
- Degradability
- Haptens
- Further Requirements for Immunogenicity
- High Molecular Weight
- Primary and Secondary Responses
- Antigenicity and Antigen-Binding Site
- Epitopes Recognized by B Cells and T Cells
- Major Classes of Antigens
- Binding of Antigen with Antigen-Specific Antibodies or T Cells
- Cross-Reactivity
- Immunologic Adjuvants
- Summary
- References
- Review Questions
- Answers to Review Questions
- 4. ANTIBODY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Introduction
- Isolation and Characterization
- Structure of Light and Heavy Chains
- Domains
- Hinge Region
- Variable Region
- Immunoglobulin Variants
- Antigenicity and Antigen-Binding Site
- Isotypes of Immunoglobulins
- Allotypes
- Idiotypes
- Allotypes
- Structural Features of IgG
- Biologic Properties of IgG
- Agglutination and Formation of Precipitate
- Passage Through the Placenta and Absorption in Neonates
- Opsonization
- Antibody-Dependent, Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
- Activation of Complement
- Neutralization of Toxin
- Immobilization of Bacteria
- Neutralization of Viruses
- Passage Through the Placenta and Absorption in Neonates
- Structural Features of IgM
- Biological Properties of IgM
- Agglutination
- Isohemagglutinins
- Activation of Complement
- Isohemagglutinins
- Structural and Biologic Properties of IgA
- Role in Mucosal Infections
- Bactericidal Activity
- Antiviral Activity
- Bactericidal Activity
- Structural and Biologic Properties of IgD
- Structural and Biologic Properties of IgE
- Importance of IgE in Parasitic Infections andHypersensitivity Reactions
- Kinetics of the Antibody Response Following Immunization
- Primary Response
- Secondary Response
- The Immunoglobulin Superfamily
- Summary
- References
- Review Questions
- Answers to Review Questions
- 5. ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY INTERACTIONS, IMMUNE ASSAYS, AND EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS
- Introduction
- Primary Interactions Between Antibody and Antigen
- Summary
- Association Constant
- Affinity and Avidity
- Secondary Interactions Between Antibody and Antigen
- Agglutination Reactions
- Precipitation Reaction
- Immunoassays
- Direct Binding Immunoassays
- Solid-Phase Immunoassays
- Immunofluorescence
- Direct Immunofluorescence
- Indirect Immunofluorescence
- Fluorescence-Activated Cell-Sorting Analysis
- Immunoabsorption and Immunoadsorption
- Assays to Assess Lymphocyte Function
- Immunoabsorption and Immunoadsorption
- B-Cell and T-Cell Proliferation Assays
- Antibody Production by B Cells
- Effector Cell Assays for T Cells and NK Cells
- Antibody Production by B Cells
- Cell Culture Systems
- Primary Cell Cultures and Cloned Lymphoid Cell Lines
- Monoclonal and Genetically Engineered Antibodies
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- T-Cell Hybridomas
- Genetically Engineered Molecules and Receptors
- Experimental Animal Models
- Inbred Strains
- Adoptive Transfer
- SCID Mice
- Thymectomized and Congenically Athymic (Nude) Mice
- Adoptive Transfer
- Transgenic Mice and Gene Targeting
- Transgenic Mice
- Knockout Mice
- Summary
- References
- Review Questions
- Answers to Review Questions
- 6. THE GENETIC BASIS OF ANTIBODY STRUCTURE
- Introduction
- A Brief Review of Nonimmunoglobulin Gene Structure andGene Expression
- Genetic Events in the Synthesis of Immunoglobulin Chains
- References
- Organization and Rearrangement of Light-Chain Genes
- Organization and Rearrangement of Heavy-Chain Genes
- Regulation of Immunoglobulin Gene Expression
- Organization and Rearrangement of Heavy-Chain Genes
- Class or Isotype Switching
- Generation of Antibody Diversity
- Presence of Multiple V Genes in the Germ Line
- VJ and VDJ Combinatorial Association
- Random Assortment of H and L Chains
- Junctional and Insertional Diversity
- Somatic Hypermutation
- Somatic Gene Conversion
- Receptor Editing
- VJ and VDJ Combinatorial Association
- Summary
- References
- Review Questions
- Case Study
- Answers to Review Questions
- Answer to Case Study
- 7. BIOLOGY OF THE B LYMPHOCYTE
- Introduction
- References
- Sites of Early B-Cell Differentiation
- Ontogeny of the B Lymphocyte
- Early Phases of B-Cell Differentiation: Pro-B and Pre-B Cells
- Immature B Cells
- Mature B Cells
- Anatomical Distribution of B-Cell Populations
- B-1 or CD5+ B Cells
- Immature B Cells
- B-Cell Membrane Proteins
- Antigen-Binding Molecules: Membrane Immunoglobulin
- Signal Transduction Molecules Associated withMembrane Immunoglobulin
- Molecules Involved in Antigen Presentation
- Fc Receptor, CD32
- CD21
- Signal Transduction Molecules Associated withMembrane Immunoglobulin
- Summary
- References
- Review Questions
- Answers to Review Questions
- 8. THE ROLE OF THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
- Introduction
- Variability of MHC Genes and Products
- References
- Genetic Polymorphism
- Pattern of Expression
- Codominant Expression
- Pattern of Expression
- Structure of MHC Molecules
- Structure of MHC Class I Moleules
- Structure of MHC Class II Molecules
- Function of MHC Molecules
- Antigen Processing and Presentation
- MHC Molecules Bind Peptides Derived from Self-Molecules
- Inability to Respond to an Antigen
- One Antigen can Trigger MHC Class I- orClass II-Restricted Responses
- MHC Molecules Bind Peptides Derived from Self-Molecules
- Diversity of MHC Molecules: MHC Association with Resistance andSusceptibility to Disease
- Other Genes Within the MHC Region
- Summary
- References
- Review Questions
- Answers to Review Questions
- 9. BIOLOGY OF THE T LYMPHOCYTE
- Introduction
- Nature of the Antigen-Specific T-Cell Receptor
- Other Genes Within the MHC Region
- Molecules That Interact with Antigen
- The T-Cell Receptor Complex
- CD4 and CD8
- The T-Cell Receptor Complex
- Interaction of the TCR with MHC Molecules
- gd T Cells
- Genes Coding for T-Cell Receptors
- Generation of T-Cell Receptor Diversity
- T-Cell Differentiation in the Thymus
- gd T Cells
- Introduction
- Thymocytes Interact with Thymic Nonlymphoid Cells
- T-Cell Receptor Gene Rearrangement
- Thymic Selection
- Lymphocyte Trafficking to Tissues
- Specialized Cells Present Antigen to T Cells
- Summary
- References
- Review Questions
- Answers to Review Questions
- 10. ACTIVATION AND FUNCTION OF T AND B CELLS
- Introduction
- Activation of CD4+ T Cells
- Thymic Selection
- Paired Interactions Between the APC and the CD4+ T Cell
- Intracellular Events in CD4+ T-cell Activation
- Functions of Costimulatory Pairs
- Intracellular Events in CD4+ T-cell Activation
- Subsets of CD4+ Cells Defined by Cytokine Production
- CD4+ T Memory Cells
- Function of CD8+ T Cells
- Killing of Target Cells by Cytotoxic T Cells
- T-Cell Recognition of Lipids
- Other Ways to Activate Unprimed T Cells
- CD4+ T Memory Cells
- Superantigens
- Plant Proteins and Antibodies to T-Cell Surface Molecules
- B-Cell Activation and Function
- T-B Cooperation
- The Carrier Effect
- T-Independent Responses
- B-Cell Activation in the Absence of T-Cell Help
- Intracellular Pathways in B-Cell Activation
- Summary
- References
- Review Questions
- Case Study
- Answers to Review Questions
- Answer to Case Study
- 11. CONTROL MECHANISMS IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
- Introduction
- Tolerance
- References
- Induction of Tolerance in Immature T and B Lymphocytes
- Regulation of Cell Death in Immature and Mature Lymphocytes
- Induction of Tolerance in Mature T and B Lymphocytes
- FasL Interactions
- Mechanisms That Inhibit T- and B-Cell Activation
- Other Potential Mechanisms of Regulating the Functionof Lymphocytes
- Active Suppression via T Cells
- Idiotype Network
- Regulation of the Response in the Individual
- Age
- Neurologic and Endocrine Factors
- Expression of MHC Molecules
- Effects of Cytokines
- Effects of Antigen
- Neurologic and Endocrine Factors
- Immunologically Privileged Sites
- Immunosuppression by Drugs or Radiation
- Summary
- References
- Review Questions
- Answers to Review Questions
- 12. CYTOKINES
- Introduction
- The History of Cytokines
- General Properties of Cytokines
- Functional Categories of Cytokines
- References
- Cytokines That Regulate Specific Immune Responses
- Cytokines Produced by TH1 and TH2 Cells
- Cytokines That Facilitate Innate Immune Responses and ActivateInflammatory Responses
- Chemokines: Cytokines That Affect Leukocyte Movement
- Cytokines That Stimulate Hematopoiesis
- Cytokines Produced by TH1 and TH2 Cells
- Cytokine Receptors
- Cytokine Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction
- Role of Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors in Disease
- Cytokine Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction
- Toxic Shock Syndrome
- Bacterial Septic Shock
- Cancers
- Autoimmunity
- Bacterial Septic Shock
- Cytokine Antagonists and Inhibitors
- Therapeutic Uses of Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors
- Reversing Cellular Deficiences
- Treatment of Immunodeficiences
- Treatment of Cancer
- Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
- Treatment of Transplant Patients
- Tretament of Allergies
- Treatment of Immunodeficiences
- Summary
- References
- Review Questions
- Case Study
- Answers to Review Questions
- Answer to Case Study
- 13. COMPLEMENT
- Introduction
- Historical Background
- The Activation Pathways and Their Proteins
- References
- The Classical Pathway
- The Lectin Pathway
- The Alternative Pathway
- The Terminal Pathway
- Complement Control Proteins
- Other Complement Receptors
- The Lectin Pathway
- Biological Activities of Complement
- Complement and Disease
- Summary
- References
- Review Questions
- Answers to Review Questions
- 14. HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS: ANTIBODY-MEDIATED (TYPE I) Reactions
- Introduction
- Historical Background
- General Characteristics of Type I Hypersensitivity
- Sensitization Phase
- Complement and Disease
- IgE Antibody Production is T Cell-Dependent
- Activation Phase
- Effector Phase
- Preformed Mediators
- Newly Synthesized Mediators
- Late-Phase Reaction
- Newly Synthesized Mediators
- Clinical Aspects of Type I Hypersensitivity
- Allergic Rhinitis
- Food Allergies
- Atopic Dermatitis
- Asthma
- Detection
- Intervention
- Food Allergies
- The Protective Role of IgE
- Summary
- References
- Review Questions
- Case Study
- Answers to Review Questions
- Answer to Case Study
- 15. HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS: ANTIBODY-MEDIATED (TYPE II) CYTOTOXIC REACTIONS AND IMMUNE COMPLEX (TYPE III) REACTIONS
- Introduction
- Type II Cytotoxic Reactions
- Summary
- Introduction
- Transfusion Reactions
- Rh Incompatibility Reaction
- Autoimmune Reactions
- Drug-Induced Reactions
- Transfusion Reactions
- Type III Immune Complex Reactions
- Introduction
- Systemic Immune Complex Disease
- Localized Immune Complex Disease
- Infection-Associated Immune Complex Disease
- Occupational Diseases (Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis)
- Systemic Immune Complex Disease
- Summary
- References
- Review Questions
- Case Study
- Answers to Review Questions
- Answer to Case Study
- 16. HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS: T-CELL-MEDIATED,DELAYED-TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY
- Introduction
- General Characteristics
- References
- Gross Appearance and Histology of the Reaction
- Mechanism of DTH
- Consequences of DTH
- Variants of DTH
- Mechanism of DTH
- Treatment of Cell-Mediated Immunity
- Summary
- References
- Review Questions
- Case Study
- Answers to Review Questions
- Answer to Case Study
- 17. AUTOIMMUNITY
- Introduction
- Autoimmunity and Disease
- Criteria for Autoimmune Disease
- Summary
- Direct Proof
- Indirect Evidence
- Circumstantial Evidence
- Indirect Evidence
- Etiology of Autoimmune Disease
- Genetic Factors in Autoimmune Disease
- Environmental Factors
- Examples of Autoimmune Disease
- Antibody-Mediated Autoimmune Disease
- Immune Complex-Mediated Autoimmune Disease
- T-Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Diseases
- Autoimmune Diseases Arising From Deficiency in Componentsof Complement
- Immune Complex-Mediated Autoimmune Disease
- Summary
- References
- Review Questions
- Case Study
- Answers to Review Questions
- Answer to Case Study
- 18. IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND OTHER DISORDERS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
- Introduction
- Immune Deficiency Syndromes
- References
- Primary Immunodeficiency Syndromes
- Secondary Immunodeficiency Syndromes
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- Initial Description and Epidemiology
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- Clinical Course
- Prevention, Control, and Therapy of HIV Infection
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- Neoplasms of the Immune System
- B-Cell Neoplasms
- T-Cell Neoplasms
- Hodgkin's Disease
- T-Cell Neoplasms
- Summary
- References
- Review Questions
- Case Study
- Answers to Review Questions
- Answer to Case Study
- 19. TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY
- Introduction
- Relationship Between Donor and Recipient
- The Role of the Immune Response in Allograft Rejection
- Clinical Characteristics of Allograft Rejection
- References
- Hyperacute Rejection
- Acute Rejection
- Chronic Rejection
- Acute Rejection
- Histocompatibility Antigens
- MHC Class I and Class II Molecules as Targets inAllograft Rejection
- Xenogeneic Transplantation
- Tests for Histocompatibility Antigens
- Serologic Detection of Transplantation Antigens
- Genotyping of Transplantation Epitopes
- Detection of Transplantation Antigens by MixedLeukocyte Reaction
- Genotyping of Transplantation Epitopes
- Prolongation of Allograft Survival
- Antiinflammatory Agents
- Cytotoxic Drugs
- Cyclosporine, FK-506 (Tacrolimus), and Rapamycin (Sirolimus)
- Antibody Therapy and Blocking of Costimulatory Molecules
- Cytotoxic Drugs
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Graft-Versus-Host Reactions
- Maternal Relationship
- Heart Transplantation: A Personal Story
- Summary
- References
- Review Questions
- Case Study
- Answers to Review Questions
- Answer to Case Study
- 20. TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY
- Introduction
- Tumor Antigens
- Categories of Tumor Antigens
- Graft-Versus-Host Reactions
- Normal Cellular Gene Products
- Mutant Cellular Gene Products
- Tumor Antigens Encoded by Viral Genes
- Immunologic Factors Influencing the Incidence of Cancer
- Effector Mechanisms in Tumor Immunity
- B-Cell Responses
- Cell-Mediated Responses
- Mutant Cellular Gene Products
- Cytokines
- Limitations of the Effectiveness of the Immune ResponseAgainst Tumors
- Immunodiagnosis
- Limitations of the Effectiveness of the Immune ResponseAgainst Tumors
- Detection Of Myeloma Proteins Produced By PlasmaCell Tumors
- Detection of a-Fetoprotein
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen
- Detection of Prostate-Specific Antigen
- Detection of a-Fetoprotein
- Tumor Immunoprophylaxis
- Immunotherapy
- Summary
- References
- Review Questions
- Case Study
- Answers to Review Questions
- Answer to Case Study
- 21. RESISTANCE AND IMMUNIZATION TO INFECTIOUS DISEASES
- Introduction
- Innate and Adaptive Immune Defenses
- Host Defense Against the Various Classes of Microbial Pathogens
- Immunotherapy
- Immunity to Viruses
- Immunity to Bacteria
- Immunity to Parasites
- Immunity to Fungi
- Immunity to Bacteria
- Mechanisms by Which Pathogens Evade the Immune Response
- Encapsulated Bacteria
- Toxins
- Antigenic Variation
- Intracellular Survival
- Suppression of the Immune System
- Extracellular Enzymes
- Expression of Antibody Binding Properties
- Toxins
- Principles of Immunization
- Objectives of Immunization
- Historical Aspects of Immunization
- Active Immunizations
- Objectives of Immunization
- Recommended Immunizations
- Use of Vaccines in Selective Populations
- Basic Mechanisms of Protection
- Anatomic Location of Host Immune Response
- Significance of the Primary and Secondary Responses
- Protective Effect of the Immune Response
- Age and Timing of Immunizations
- Use of Mixed, Multiple Antigens
- Significance of the Primary and Secondary Responses
- Precautions
- Site of Administration of Antigen
- Hazards
- Recent Approaches to Production of Vaccines
- Vaccines Produced by Recombinant DNA
- Conjugated Polysaccharides
- Synthetic Peptide Vaccines
- Blocking of Specific Receptors
- Anti-Idiotype Vaccines
- Virus-Carrier Vaccine
- Bacterium-Carrier Vaccine
- DNA Vaccines
- Toxoids
- Conjugated Polysaccharides
- Passive Immunization
- Passive Immunization Through Placental Antibody Transfer
- Passive Immunization via Colostrum
- Passive Antibody Therapy and Serum Therapy
- Monoclonal and Polyclonal Preparations
- Preparation and Properties of Human Immune Serum Globulin
- Indications for the Use of Immune Globulin
- Precautions on the Use of Immune Therapy
- Passive Immunization via Colostrum
- Immunotherapy
- Antibody Therapies
- Colony Stimulating Factors
- Summary
- References
- Review Questions
- Answers to Review Questions
- GLOSSARY
- APPENDIX Partial List of CD Antigens
- INDEX
- References
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