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The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology (4-Volume Set)
Editor-in-Chief: Thomas E. Creighton
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ISBN: 0-471-15302-8 |
A
2-Aminopurine (AP)
5' cap
5-Bromouracil
5-Methylcytosine
abl Oncogenes
Abscisic acid
Absorption spectroscopy
Acceptor stem
Accessible Surface
Acentric fragment
Acetyl Coenzyme A
Acetylcholine receptor
Achaete-scute complex
Achilles' cleavage
Acridine dyes
Acrocentric chromosome
Acrosome
Actin
Actin polymerization toxins
Actin-binding proteins
Actinomycin D
Activation Energy
Active site
Active site-directed irreversible inhibitors
Active-site titrants
Adenovirus
Adenylate charge
Adenylate cyclases
Adenylation
Adjuvants
A-DNA
Adriamycin
Affinity Chromatography
Affinity electrophoresis
Affinity labeling
Affinity maturation
Affinity Selection
Agarose
Agglutination
Agrobacterium
Alanine (Ala, A)
Albumins
Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) (co-author of Jornvall)
Aligning sequences
Alkaline phosphatase
Alkylation
Allelic exclusion
Alloantibody, alloantigen
Allophenic
Allostery
Alpha1-antitrypsin
Alpha-Bungarotoxin & Curare-mimetic toxins
Alpha-helix formation
Alpha-helix (3 10-helix and Pi-helix)
Alpha-Lactalbumin
Alternative splicing
Alu sequences
Amber mutation
Amber suppressor
Ames test
Amidination
Amino acid analysis
Amino acids
Amino groups
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases
Aminopeptidases
Aminopterin, methotrexate, trimethoprim, and folic acid
Amphipathic
Amphoteric
Ampicillin
Amyloid
Amyloid precursor protein
Analogy
Analytical ultracentrifugation
Androgenesis
Aneuploidy
Angiogenin
Anhydrides
Animal pole, vegetal pole
Ankyrins
Annealing, nucleic acids
Annexins
Anomalous dispersion
ANS (8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid)
Antennapedia complex
Anti conformation
Antibiotic resistence
Antibody
Antibody-antigen interactions
Antibody-conjugated toxins
Anticodon
Antifreeze Proteins
Antigen
Antigen processing, presentation
Antigenic variation
Anti-idiotype immunoglobulins
Antiparallel beta-barrel motifs
Antisense oligonucleotides
Antisera
Antitermination control of gene expression (co-author Gollnick)
Antithrombin
AP endonucleases
AP Sites (apurinic/apyrimidinic sites) (co-author is Sancar)
Apoptosis
ara Operon
Arabidopsis
Arginine (Arg, R)
Ascaris
Asexual
Asexual reproduction
Asparagine (Asn, N)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
Aspartyl proteinase inhibitors, protein
Asymmetric unit
Atomic force microscopy
ATP synthase
ATPase
ATP-binding motif
Attenuation of transcription
Autoantibody
Autoimmune diseases
Autoimmunity
Autonomous controlling elements
Autonomously replicating sequences (ARS)
Autoradiography
Autosome
Auxins
Auxins
Auxotroph
Avidin
Avidin-biotin system
Azurin
B
B cell
B cell receptor
Backbone
Bacteriocins
Bacteriorhodopsin
Bal31 nuclease
Balbiani ring
Barnase and Barstar
Barr body
Base excision repair
Base pair substitution
Base pairs
Base pairs
B-DNA
B-DNA
Bence-jones proteins
Beta-bulge
Beta-Galactosidase
Beta-helix
Beta-lactamases
Beta-Lactoglobulin
Beta-meander
Beta-pleated sheet
Beta-sheet
Beta-strand
Beta-turns
B-glucuronidase
Bicoid
Bifunctional crosslinking reagents (co-author Nadeau)
Binding
Bioinformatics
Biopolymer
Biotin
Biotin repressor
BiP (hsp70)
Bisubstrate analogue
Bithorax complex
Biuret reaction
Blastoderm
Blastomere
Blastopore
Bleomycin
Blood clotting
Blot overlays
Blotting
Blotting matrices
Blunt-end ligation
B-mercaptoethanol
Bohr effect
Bowman-Birk inhibitors
BPTI (bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor)
Bragg angle
Brassinosteroids
Brassinosteroids
Brassinosteroids
Brefeldin A
Buffers
Buoyant density
bZip domain
C
C genes of immunoglobulins
CAAT box
Cadherins
Caenorhabditis
Caged ATP
Calcium signaling
Calcium-binding Proteins
Calmodulin
Calnexin/calreticulin
Cap-binding proteins
Capillary zone electrophoresis
Capsids, viral
Carbon isotopes
Carbonic anhydrase
Carbonic Anhydrase (co-author Fierke)
Carboxyglutamic acid
Carboxyl groups
Carboxyl proteinase
Carboxypeptidases
Carcinogen
Casein
Caspases
Caspases
Cassette mutagenesis
Catabolite repression
Catalase
Catalysis
Catalytic antibodies
Catalytic triad
Cathepsins
Caudal protein
Cauliflower mosaic virus
C-banding
CDNA libraries
Cell adhesion molecules
Cell cycle
Cell death
Cell death
Cell fusion, cell hybrids
Cell junctions
Cell line
Cell lineage
Cell-surface adhesion receptors
CEN sequences
Centrifugation
Centromeres
Cerenkov radiation
Chain-termination (dideoxy) DNA sequencing
Chaotropes; kosmotropes
Chaperonin
Chemical modification
Chemical shift
Chemical Shift
Chemiluminescence
Chemiosmotic coupling
Chemokines
Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis (co-author G. W. Ordal)
Chimera
Chiral and chiral center
Chironomus
Chloramphenicol
Chloramphenicol acetylransferase
Chloroplast
CHO cells
Cholera toxin & enterotoxins
Chorion genes and proteins
Chromatid
Chromatin
Chromatofocusing
Chromatography
Chromocenter
Chromogenic substrate
Chromomere
Chromosomes
Chymotrypsin, chymotrypsinogen
Cilia and eukaryotic flagella
Circadian rhythms and clocks in fungi
Circular chromosome
Cis configuration
Cis-acting
Cis-dominance
Cis/trans isomerization
Clamp loaders, processivity complex
Class switching
Clathrin
Cleveland map
Clonal selection theory
Cloning
ClpAP and ClpXP proteinases
ClpAP and ClpXP Proteinases (co-author A. Goldberg)
Coding strand
Codon usage and bias
Coenzyme, cofactor
Cohesive, sticky ends
Coiled-coils
Cointegrative vectors
Colchicine
Cold-sensitive mutants
Cold-sensitive mutants
Colicins
Collagen
Collagen
Colony-stimulating factors
Combinatorial libraries
Combinatorial synthesis
Competence
Competitive inhibiton
Competitive labeling
Complement fixation
Complement system
Complementary DNA (CDNA)
Complementation
Complementation tests
Complex loci
Compressibility
Computer Simulation of Biological
Concatemers
Conditional lethal mutations
Configuration
Confocal microscopy
Confocal microscopy (co-author Frey)
Conformation
Conotoxins
Conservative substitutions
Constant (C) region
Contact inhibition
Contact maps
Contiguous genes
Contrast variation
Controlling element
Convergent evolution
Coomassie Brilliant Blue
Cordycepin
Corepressor
COS cells
COSY spectrum
Cot curve
Counting Residues
Covalent catalysis
CpG islands
Cristae
Critical micelle concentration (cmc)
Crosslinking
Cruciform (Holliday junction)
Cruciform (Holliday Junction)
Cryoelectron microscopy
Cryoelectron microscopy
Crystallization
Crystallography
C-terminus
Cubitus interruptus genes
C-value
Cyclic amp receptor protein (CRP)/catabolite gene activator protein (CAP)
Cyclic AMP (3',5-cyclic AMP, cAMP)
Cyclic GMP (cyclic guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate, cGMP
Cyclins
Cyclodextrins
Cycloheximide
Cycloheximide
Cyclophilin
Cyclosporin
Cyctochrome P450
Cystatin
Cysteine proteinase inhibitors, protein
Cysteine (Cys, C)
Cystine knot
Cytochalasin
Cytochromes
Cytogenetics
Cytokeratins
Cytokinins
Cytokinins (co-author Van Montagu)
Cytomegalovirus
Cytoplasmic inheritance
Cytoskeleton
Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes
D
D gene segment
Dansyl chloride
Databases
Daunomycin
Dead-end inhibition
DEAD/DEAH domains
Deamidation
Decapentaplegic
Degeneracy of the genetic code
Dehydrogenases
Denaturants, stabilizers
Denaturation mapping
Denaturation, nucleic acids
Denaturation, protein
Dendrotoxins
Density gradient centrifugation
Deoxycholate
Deoxycytidylate deaminase
Deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis and degradation
Deoxyuride triphosphatase
Depurination
Desmosomes, desmocollins, desmoglein and desmoplakin
Detergents
Development
Dexamethasome
dG-dC Tailing
Diafiltration
Diagonal methods
Dialysis
Diastereomer
Dicentric chromosome
Dictyostelium
Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC)
Difference fourier
Difference spectroscopy
Differentiation
Diffusion
Diffusion-controlled reactions
DIFP (Diisopropylfluorophosphate)
Dihedral angle
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)
Dimethyl sulfate
Diptheria toxins
Direct methods
Direct repeats
Disc electrophoresis
Discontinuous DNA replication
Disease resistance genes, plant
Distance geometry
Disulfide bond
Dithiothreitol, dithiothreitol
Divergent evolution
DNA chips
DNA damage, inducible responses to
DNA degradation in vivo
DNA dynamics
DNA genes
DNA glycosylases
DNA helicase
DNA libraries
DNA ligase
DNA polymerase I and Klenow fragment
DNA repair
DNA replication
DNA replication proteins
DNA sequencing
DNA structure
DNA synthesis
DNA topology
DNA-binding proteins
DNA-dependent DNA polymerases
DnaK/DnaJ proteins
DNase 1 sensitivity
DNA: protein binding specificity
DNA: protein interaction thermodynamics
Domain shuffling
Domain, chromosomal
Domain, protein
Dorsal/cactus complex
Dorsoventral polarity
Dosage compensation effect
Dot plot
Double minute chromosome
Downstream
Drosophila EGF receptor
Drug resistance
Duplication, chromosomal
Dynactin
Dynamic light scattering
Dynein
Dystrophin
E
Eadie-Hofstee plot
Ecdysone
Edman degradation
EDTA
Effective molarity
EF-hand motif
EGF motif
Egg
Eglin c
EGTA
Ehrlich cells
Elastase
Elastin
Electroelution
Electroendosmosis
Electron crystallography
Electron imaging
Electron magnetic resonance
Electron microscopy
Electron tomography
Electron transfer proteins
Electrophoresis
Electrospray ionization
Electrostatic Interactions
Ellman's reagent, 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), DTNB
Elongation factors (EF)
Embryo
Embryology
Enantiomer
Endocytosis
Endopeptidase
Endoplasmic reticulum
Endosomes
Endotoxins
Energy transfer, fluorescent
Engrailed gene
Enhancer
Enkephalins
Enterokinase
Enzyme immobilization and conjugation
Enzyme regulation
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Enzymes
Epidermal growth factor
Epigenetics
Epigenic patterning
Epimers and epimerization
Epistasis
Epitope
Epstein-barr virus
Equilibrium dialysis
Equilibrium potential
Erythromycin
Estrogen receptors
Estrogens
Ethidium bromide
Ethyl methane sulfonate
Ethylene
Ethyl-nitrosourea
Euchromatin
Euploid
Evolution
Evolutionary distance
Evolutionary rate
EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption flourescence spectroscopy)
Excision repair
Excluded volume
Exocytosis
Exon shuffling
Expansibility
Expressed sequence tag (EST)
Expression libraries
Expression system
Extracelluler matrix
Extrachromosomal inheritance
Eye (bubble)-form intermediate
F
F plasmid
Factor Xa
Facultative, heterochromatin
Farnesylation
Farr assay
Fate map
Fatty acids
Female
Ferguson plot
Ferredoxins
Ferritins
Fertilization
Fiber diffraction
Fibrinogen
Fibroblast growth factors
Fibronectin
Fibrous proteins
Fill-in reaction
Filter binding assays
Fingerprinting DNA
Fingerprint, protein
FK506
Flagella, prokaryotes
Flourescent microscopy
Flow Cytometry
Fluctuation test
Fluid mosaic model
Fluorescamine
Fluorescence energy transfer
Fluorescence quenching
Fluorescence spectroscopy
Fluorodeoxyuridine
Fluorography
fMET (n-formyl methionine)
Focal contact
Footprinting nucleic acids
Footprinting proteins
Founder cell
Founder effect
Four-helix bundle motif
Frameshift mutation
Frameshifting
Free Energy Calculations
Free-energy Relationships
Freeze fracture
Frictional coefficient, ratio
Fungi, filamentous
Fusion gene, fusion protein
G
G banding
G protein-coupled receptors
gal operon
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Gamma-turns
Gap junction
Gap penalty
Gas-liquid chromatography
Gastrula, gastrulation
Gauche conformation
GC box
Gel electrophoresis
Gel retardation assay
Gelsolin
Gene amplification
Gene cluster
Gene dosage
Gene duplication
Gene families
Gene fusion
Gene rearrangement
Gene recruitment
Gene splicing
Gene structure
Gene targeting
Genetic code
Genetic disease
Genetic diversity
Genetic drift
Genetic marker
Genetic suppression
Genome
Genomic libraries
Germ cell, line
Gibberellins
Giemsa binding
Globins
Globulins
Glucagon
Glucocorticoid response element
Glucocorticoids
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
Glutaraldehyde
Glutaredoxin
Glutathione
Glutathione transferase
Glycine (Gly, G)
Glycogen phosphorylase
Golgi apparatus, complex
GPI anchor
Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria
Greek Key motif
Green fluorescent protein (GFP)
Growth factors
Growth hormone
GTPases
GTP-binding proteins
Guanidination
Guanidinium salts
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors
Guanine quartet
Guanylate cyclases
Guide RNA
Gurken
H
Haldane relationship
Half-life, half time
Haploid
Haptens
Heat shock response
Hedgehog signaling
HeLa cells
Helix-coil theory
Helix-turn-helix motif
Helper plasmid
Helper virus
Hematopoiesis
Hemidesmosomes
Hemizygote
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin mutations
Hemophilia
Hepatitus B virus
Heptad repeat
Hermaphrodite
Herpesvirus
Heterochromatin
Heteroduplex
Heterokaryon
Heterosis
Heterotrimeric G proteins
Hfr's and F-primes
High mobility group (HMG) proteins
Hill coefficient, plot
Hirudin
his Operon
Histidine (His, H)
Histocompatibility
Histone acetylation
Histone fold
Histones
HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)
Hofmeister series
Holocentric chromosome
Holoenzyme, apoenzyme
Homeobox genes
Homeostasis
Homeotic genes
Homokaryon
Homologous chromosomes
Homologous recombination
Homology
Homology modeling
Homozygote
Hoogsteen base pairing
Horizontal gene transfer
Hormone receptors
Hormone response elements
Hormones
Hotspot
HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography)
HU and related proteins
Hybrid cell
Hybrid dysgenesis
Hybrid individual
Hybridization, nucleic acids
Hybridomas
Hydration
Hydrodynamic volume
Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen Exchange
Hydrogen isotopes
Hydrogenase
Hydrolase
Hydropathy
Hydrophilic
Hydrophilicity
Hydrophobic chromatography
Hydrophobic effect
Hydrophobic electrophoresis
Hydrophobic-interaction chromatography
Hydrophobicity
Hydroxyapatite chromatography
Hydroxylation (lysine, proline)
Hypersensitive site
Hypervariable locus
I
Ideogram
Idiotypes
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM
Illegitimate recombination
Imaginal disk
Immortalization
Immune response
Immunity
Immunity, transposon
Immunization
Immunoaffinity chromatography
Immunoassays
Immunoelectron microscopy
Immunoelectrophoresis
Immunogen
Immunoglobulin
Immunoglobulin biosynthesis
Immunoglobulin structure
Immunophilin
i-motif
Imprinting
In situ hybridization
Inborn errors of metabolism
Inclusion bodies
Indel
Induced fit
Influenza virus
Initaition complex
Initiation codon
Initiation factor (IF)
Initiation of DNA replication
Inositol lipids and phosphates
Insertion sequence elements
Insulin
Insulin-like growth factors
Integrases
Integrative suppression
Integrins
Interallelic complementation
Interband
Intercalation
Interferons
Interleukin-1 motif
Interleukins
Intermediate filaments
Intermediate junction
Internal guide sequence
Internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
Interspersed DNA elements
Introns, exons
Inverse folding problem
Inversion, chromosomal
Inverted repeats
Inverted terminal repeat
Iodine isotopes
Iodoacetamide, iodoacetate
Ion channel receptors
Ion pair
Ion-exchange chromatography
Ionization
IPTG
Iron-binding proteins
Iron-response elements
Iron-sulfur proteins
Isochores
Isochromosome
Isocratic elution chromatography
Isoelectric focusing
Isoelectric point
Isofunctional proteins
Isoionic point (isionic pH)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
Isomer
Isomerases
Isomorphous replacement
Isoschizomer
Isotachophoresis
Isotope exchange at equilibrium
Isotope filtering, editing
Isotype
Isozyme, isoenzyme
J
J chain
J (joining) gene segments
JAK/STAT signaling
Jelly Roll motif
Jumping gene
Junctional diversity
K
Kallikreins
Kanamycin
Kappa (k) and lambda (l) light chains
Karyogamy
Karyoplasm
Karyotype
Keratins
Kex-2 gene
Kinase
Kinesin
Kinetic mechanisms, enzyme
Kinetics
Kinetochore
Km (Michaelis constant)
Kringle domain
L
La (Ion) proteinase
Lac Operon
Lac repressor
Lactate dehydrogenase
Lactoferrin
Lambda Cl &CRO repressors
Lambda phage
Laminins
Lampbrush chromosomes
Laue diffraction
LCMS
Leading and lagging strands
Lectins
Leucine zippers
Leucine (Leu, L)
Leucine-rich repeat
Leupeptin
Lex A repressor
Libraries
Licensing factor
Lifson-Roig model
Ligase chain reaction
Ligation
Light scattering
Light-activated (caged) biological ligands
Light-harvesting complex
LINEs
Lineweaver-Burk plot
Linkage disequilibrium
Linkage, genetic
Linker DNA
Linker scanning
Linking number of DNA
Lipases
Lipid metabolism
Lipids
Lipoic acid
Liposomes
Long terminal repeat (LTR)
Luciferases & luciferins
Luminescence
Lymphokines
Lyon Hypothesis
Lysine (Lys, K)
Lysogeny
Lysozymes
M
M13 phage
Macroglobulins
Macromolecule
Macrophage
Macropinosomes
MAD
MADS-box proteins
Magnetic force microscopy
Magnetization transfer
Major histocompatability complex
Male
Maltose Binding Protein
Mannose-6-P Receptor
MAP kinases
Marker exchange mutagenesis
Mass Spectrometry
Master chromosome
Maternal control, effect
Maternal genetic effects
Maternal inheritance
Mating in fungi
Matrix attachment regions
Matrix-assisted laser desorption
Maturation promoting factor
MDR (medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase
Melittin & membrane-perturbing toxins
Membrane anchors
Membrane potentials
Membrane proteins
Membranes
Memory cells
Mendelian inheritance
Mercurials
Meroblastic cleavage
Merodiploids
Messenger RNA
Metacentric chromosome
Metal response element
Metalloproteinase inhibitors, protein
Metalloproteinases
Metalloproteins
Metallothionein
Metal-requiring enzymes
Methionine regulon
Methionine repressor
Methionine (Met, M)
Methylation, DNA
Methylation, protein
Methyltransferase
Methyltransferase, DNA
Michaelis-Menten kinetics
Microfilament
Microinjection
Micronucleus, macronucleus
Microsatellite DNA
Microscopy
Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs)
Microtubules
Mini Cell
Minichromosome
Minigene
Minisatellite DNA
Mismatch repair
Missense mutation
Mitochondria
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
Mitomycin C
Mitotic recombination
Mobile element
Molecular averaging
Molecular chaperone
Molecular clock
Molecular Dynamics
Molecular Mechanics
Molecular replacement
Molecular sieve resins
Molecular surface, volume
Molten globule
mono-ADP-ribosylation
Monocentric chromosome
Monoclonal Antibody
Monolayer
Monosomy
Monte Carlo Calculations
Morphogenesis
Morphogens
Morula
Mosaic protein
Motor proteins
Mouse
MPD
MPD (2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol)
Mu phage
Multifunctional proteins
Multigene family
Mutagen
Mutagenesis
Mutant
Mutation
Mutation load
Mutator genes
Mutivalents
myb Oncogenes
myc Oncogenes
Mycoplasma
Myeloma Proteins
Myoglobin
Myristoylation
N
NAD-binding proteins
Nanos gene
Natural selection
Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM)
Necrosis
Negative stain
Nematodes
N-end rule
Neomycin
Neoplastic transformation
Nerve growth factor
Neural crest
Neural Networks and Genetic
Neural tube
Neurofilaments
Neuropeptides
Neurotoxins
Neutral mutation
Neutron diffraction and scattering
N-Glycosylation
N-hydroxysuccinimide
Ninhydrin
Nitration
Nitric oxide
Nitrocellulose
Nitrogen fixation
Nitrosamines
NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance)
n-Octyl-B-D-glucoside
NOESY spectrum
Noggin
Non-autonomous controlling element
Noncompetitive inhibition
Nonpermissive condition
Nonpolar
Nonrepetitive DNA
Nonsense codons...
Nonsense mutation
Nonsense suppression
Nonsynonymous substitution
Northern blots (RNA blots)
Notch signaling
Novobiocin
N-region diversity
N-terminus
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear import, export
Nuclear matrix
Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOE)
Nuclear pore complex
Nucleases
Nucleoids
Nucleolar organizer
Nucleolus
Nucleoplasm
Nucleoplasmin
Nucleoprotein
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase
Nucleosides, Nucleotides
Nucleosome
Nucleotide-binding motif
Nucleotides, Nucleosides, and nucleobases
Nucleus
Nude mice
Null mutation
O
O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT)
Ochre mutation
Ochre suppressor
O-glycosylation
Okazaki fragments
Oligo (dT) cellulose
Oligomer
Oligomeric proteins
Oligomycin
Oligopeptide
O-linked oligosaccharides
Omega loop
OmpA
Oncogenes, oncoproteins
Opal suppressor
Operons
Optical Density
Organizer
Origin recognition complex (ORC)
Ornithine decarboxylase
Orphons
Orthologous genes
Oskar gene
Ouchterlony double diffusion
Ovalbumin
Overlay zymography
Oxidation/reduction potential
Oxidoreductases
Oxygen-binding proteins
Oxytocin
P
P element
P loop
P22 bacteriophage
p53
Paired helical filaments
Pair-rule genes
Palindrome
Palmitoylation
Papain
Papovavirus
Paralogous genes
Parasexual cycle
Parsimony
Parthenogenesis
Partial specific (or molar) volume
Particle electrophoresis
Partition coefficient
Parvalbumin
Pathogenesis in fungi
Patterson map
Pax genes
PCR (Polymerase chain reaction)
Pedigree
PEG
Penicillin
Penicillin-binding proteins
Pepsin, pepsinogen
Pepstatin
Peptidases
Peptide
Peptide antibiotic synthesis
Peptide bond
Peptide hormones
Peptide libraries
Peptide mapping
Peptide Nucleic Acids
Peptide synthesis
Peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerases
Peptidyl transferase
Perinuclear space
Permissive condition
Peroxidase
Pertussis toxin
PEST regions
P-glycoproteins
Phage display libraries
Phagocytosis
Phalloidin
Phase problem
Phase variation, pili
Phenotypic lag
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
Phenylketonuria
Phosphate buffers
Phosphatidylinositol
Phosphatidylinositol kinases
Phosphofructokinase
Phospholipases
Phospholipases C
Phosphorus isotopes
Phosphorylase kinase
Phosphorylation, protein
Phosphotransferase
Photolyase/photoreactivation
Photon correlation spectroscopy
Photosynthesis
Photosynthetic reaction center
Phylogenetic tree
Phylogeny
Physarum
Pili
Pinocytosis
Plant genetic engineering
Plant hormones
Plasmalemma
Plasminogen
Plasminogen activators
Plasmogamy
Plastocyanin
Platelet-derived growth factor
Pleckstrin Homology Domain
Pleiotropy
Ploidy
P-Loop
PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride)
Point accepted mutation
Poison sequence
pol gene
Polar
Polar plasma
Poliovirus
Poly A
Polyacrylamide
Polyadenylate polymerase
Polyadenylylation
Polyamino acids
Polycomb group
Polycones
Polyglycine
Polylinker
Polymer
Polymerases
Polynucleotide phosphor...
Polyomavirus
Polypeptide chain
Polyploid
Polyproline
Polyproteins
Polyribosome, polysome
Polysomy
Polytene
Polytene chromosome
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation
Ponceau S
Pore gradient electrophoresis
Porin
Position effect
Post-Transcriptional Regulation
Post-translational modifications
Potential Functions (Force Fields)
pou domain
Prebiotic evolution
Precession photograph
Precipitation of a macromolecule
Precipitin reaction
Preferential binding
Preferential hydration
Prenylation
Pre-protein, pre-pro-protein
Pre-replicative complexes
Pribnow box
Primary structure
Primase
Primer
Primer extension
Prion
Probe hybridization
Processivity factor
Prochiral
Product inhibition
Proenzyme
Profilin
Progenote
Programmed cell death
Prokaryotic genetics
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)
Proline (Pro, P)
Promiscuous DNA
Promoter
Pronase
Pro-protein
Pro-sequence
Protamine
Protease inhibitors, protein
Proteases
Proteasome
Protein A
Protein degragation, in vivo
Protein detection
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI)
Protein engineering
Protein evolution
Protein folding in vitro
Protein folding in vitro
Protein kinase A (cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase)
Protein kinase C
Protein motif
Protein secretion
Protein sequencing
Protein splicing
Protein stability
Protein structure
Protein structure prediction
Protein targeting, intracellular
Proteinase inhibitors
Proteinase K
Proteinases
Protein-DNA recognition
Protein-folding in vivo
Protein-protein interactions
Proteins
Proteolysis, proteolytic
Proteome
Proton gradient
Proton motive force
Protoplast Fusion
Protoplasts
Pseudogenes
Psoralen
Puff, chromosomal
Pulse-chase Experiments
Pulsed field gel electrophoresis
Pumilio gene
Pure line
Purine ribonucleotide metabolism
Puromycin
Pyrimidine ribonucleotide metabolism
Pyrodoxal phosphate
Pyrophosphates
Q
Qbeta replicase
Quaternary structure
R
Racemic & racemization
Radiation hybrid
Radioactivity
Radioimmunoassay
Radioisotopes
Radius of gyration
Ramachandran plot
Random coil
Random X-inactivation
Rapamycin
ras Oncogene
Reading frame
Readthrough
Reassociation, nucleic acids
Receptors linked to tyrosine kinases
Receptors, hormonal
Recessive lethal mutations
Reciprocal space
Reciprocal translocation
Recombinant DNA
Recombinant proteins
Recombinase
Recombination
Recombinational repair
Redox enzymes
Relaxation Spectrometry, relaxation time
Release factor
Renaturation
Reovirus
Repeated DNA sequence intersp
Repertoire
Repetition frequency
Repetitive DNA
Replication foci (factories, centers)
Replication fork (Y-fork intermediate)
Replication Origin
Replicative form
Replicon
Reporter genes
Reporter groups
Repressors
Reproduction, animal
Response element
Restriction Enzymes
Restriction fragment
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
Restriction Map
Restriction-modification systems
Retinoblastoma (Rb) gene
Retinoic acids
Retroregulation
Retrotransposons
Retroviruses
Reverse translation
Reverse-phase chromatography
Reversion, revertant
R-factor (crystallographic)
RGS proteins
Rhinovirus
Rho GTPases
Rhodopsin
Ri plasmid
Ribonuclease A superfamily
Ribonuclease H
Ribonuclease inhibitor
Ribonuclease P
Ribonuclease T1 superfamily
Ribonucleoprotein
Ribonucleotide reductase
Ribophorins
Ribosomes
Ribozyme/catalytic RNA
Ribulobisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco)
Ricin & ribosome-inactivating plant toxins
Rifampicin
RNA cap
RNA degradation in vitro
RNA editing
RNA helicases
RNA ligases
RNA Polymerases, DNA Dependent
RNA sequencing
RNA Splicing
RNA structure
RNA structure prediction
RNA synthesis
RNA World
RNA-binding proteins
RNA-dependent, RNA polymerase
ROESY spectrum
Rolling circle DNA replication
Rossmann fold
Rot curve
Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)
S
S1 Nuclease
S-adenosylmethionine
Salt bridge
Saltatory DNA replication
Salting in and salting out
Salvage pathways to nucleotide biosynthesis
Sarkosyl
Satellite DNA
Satellites
Scalar coupling
Scanning electron microscopy
Scanning hypothesis
Scanning probe techniques
Scanning transmission electron microscropy
Scanning tunneling microscopy
Scatchard plot
Scattering intensity distribution
Schiff base
Scrapie
SDR (short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase)
SDS (Sodium dodecylsulfate)
SDS-page
SEC mutants/proteins
Second messengers
Secondary structure prediction, proteins
Secondary structure, protein
Secretion, vector
Secretory vesicles/granules
Sedimentation coefficient (s-value)
Sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation
Sedimentation velocity centrifugation
Selection, genetic
Selenocysteine
Selenomethionine
Self-assembly
Self-splicing introns
Semi-conservative DNA replication
Seminal ribonuclease
Semliki forest virus
Sendai virus
Senescence
Sephadex, sepharose, sephacryl
Sequence analysis
Sequence codes
Sequence databases
Serine proteinase
Serine proteinase inhibitors, protein
Serine (Ser, S)
Serine/threonine kinases and phosphatases
Serotype
Serpins
Serum albumin
Serum dependence
Serum response element
Sex
SH2, SH3 domains
Shine-dalgarno sequence
Short-chain dehydrogenases
Shotgun experiments
Sickle cell disease
Side chain
Sigma factors
Signal peptidase
Signal peptide
Signal recognition particle
Signal transduction
Silencer, gene
Silent mutation
Silver staining
Simulated annealing
SINEs
Single particle reconstruction
Single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSB)
Single-stranded DNA replication
Site-directed mutagenesis
Size exclusion chromatography
Slime molds
Slow-binding enzyme inhibition
Small cytoplasmic RNA (scRNA), small cytoplasmic RNP (scRNP)
Small nuclear RNPs (snRNPs)
Small-angle scattering
Solvent flattening
Solvent perturbation spectroscopy
Somatic hypermutations
Somatic mutation
Sonic hedgehog
SOS response
Southern blots (DNA blots)
Soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz), STI
Space group
Spectrin
Spectroscopy
Sperm
Spermine, spermidine
Sphingomyelinases
Spin labeling
Spindle pole body
Splice sites
Spliceosomes
Spore, sporulation
src genes
Src homology domain
Stabilization and destabilization by co-solvents
Staggered Cut
Staphylococcal nuclease
Star Activity
Start codons
Stem cells
Stereoisomers
Steroid hormone receptors
Steroid hormones
Sterol response element
Stokes radius
Stop codons
Stop-transfer sequence
Streptavidin
Streptomycin
Stringency
Stringent control
Structure databases
Structure factor
Substrate inhibition
Subtilisin
Subtractive hybridization
Suicide inhibitor
Sulfate salts
Sulfation
Sulfur isotopes
Superantigen toxins
Superantigens
Supercoiling of DNA
Superfamily
Superhelical DNA energetics
Supersecondary structure
Suppressor mutation
Suppressor tRNA
Surface wrapping of DNA
SV40 (Simian virus 40)
Svedberg unit (S)
Switch region
Synaptonemal Complexes
Syncytium
Synonymous substitution
Syntenic genes
Synthase/Lyase
Synthetases/Ligases
T
T antigen
T cell
T4 and T-even bacteriophage
T7 bacteriophages
Tac promoter
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Tandem repeats
Taq DNA polymerase
TATA box
Tautomers
T-box genes
T-cell receptor (tcr)
T-complex, -DNA, -region, -strand
Telocentric chromosome
Telomerase
Telomere
Temperature factor
Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis
Temperature-sensitive mutation
Template
Terminal redundancy
Terminal repeats
Termination factor
Termination of DNA replication
Tertiary structure
Tetrahydrofolate
Tetranitromethane
Tetraploidy
Thalassemia
The ribonuclease T2/S superfamily
Thermolysin
Thin filament
Thin layer chromatography/elecrophoreisis
Thiol groups
Thiol proteinase
Thiol-disulfide exchange
Thioredoxin
Thioredoxin reductase
Thiotemplate mechanism of peptide antidbiotic synthesis
Threading protein sequences
Threonine operon
Threonine (Thr, T)
Thrombin
Thymidylate synthase
Thyroid hormones
Ti plasmid
Tight junction
TIM barrel
Tissue culture
TLCK (n-p-tosyl-lysine chloromethyl ketone
Tobacco mosaic virus
TOCSY spectrum
Tolerance, immunological
Tomato bushy stunt virus
Topogenesis
Topoisomer
Torsion angle
Toxins
TPCK (n-p-tosyl-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone)
Tracking dyes
Trans configuration
Trans-acting
Transcription
Transcription factors
Transducer proteins
Transducin
Transfection
Transfer free energy
Transfer RNA
Transferase
Transferrin
Transferrin receptor
Transformation
Transformation of fungi
Transforming growth factors
Transgenic technology
Transit peptides
Transition mutation
Transition State
Transition state analogue
Translation
Translation Repressors
Translational editing
Translocation
Translocation, chromosomal
Transmembrane alpha-helix
Transposable elements
Transposase
Transposition
Transposon
Transposon tagging
Transverse gradient gel ectrophoresis
Transverse Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
Transversion mutation
Treadmilling
Trifluoroethanol
Trigger Factor
Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)
Trinucleotide repeats
Triple resonance
Triple-helical proteins
Triple-helix, nucleic acids
Triploidy
Tris buffer
Trisomy
Trithorax group genes
Triton X-100 and X-114
tRNA biosynthesis
tRNA ligase
trp Operon
Trp repressor
True breeding
Trypsin inhibitors
Trypsin, trypsinogen
Tryptase
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
Tubulin
Tumor necrosis factor
Tumor promoters
Tumor suppressor genes
Turnover number
Turns
Twist, DNA
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
Two-hybrid systems
Ty elements
Type II DNA-binding proteins
Tyrocidine
Tyrosine kinase receptors
Tyrosine kinases and phosphatases
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
U
Ubiquitin
Ultrabithorax genes
Ultrafiltration, microfiltration
Uncompetitive inhibition
Unfolded protein response
Unfolded proteins
Unidentified reading frame (URF)
Unit cell
Up-and-down beta-barrel
Upstream
Urea
Urea gradient gel electrophoresis
Urokinase
V
V genes
Vaccinia virus
Valine (Val, V)
Van der Waals interactions
Van der Waals surface, volume
Vapor phase crystallization
Variable domain, region
Vertical gene transfer
Vesticular stomatitis virus (VSV)
vibrational spectoscopy
Vinblastine
Viroids
Virus infection, animal
Virus infection, plant
Virus structure
Viruses, animal
Viruses, plant
Virusoid
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
W
Water
Western blots (Protein blots)
Wilson plot
Wingless signaling
Wobble pairing
Writhe, DNA
X
X174 phage
X-chromosome
X-chromosome inactivation
Xenogeneic
Xenopus
X-ray crystallography
X-ray scattering
Y
Y-chromosome
Z
Z-DNA
Zebrafish
Zimm-Bragg model
Zinc fingers and other zinc-containing DNA-binding motifs
Zinc-binding proteins
Zoo blot
Zwitterion (dipolar ion)
Zygote
Zymogen
The Wiley Biotechnology Encyclopedias, composed of the Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, the Encyclopedia of Bioprocess Technology: Fermentation, Biocatalysis, and Bioseparation, the Encyclopedia of Cell Technology, and the Encyclopedia of Ethical, Legal, and Policy Issues in Biotechnology, cover very broadly four major contemporary themes in biotechnology. The series comes at a fascinating time in that as we move into the twenty-first century, the discipline of biotechnology is undergoing striking paradigm changes.
Biotechnology is now beginning to be viewed as an informational science. In a simplistic sense, there are three types of biological information. First, there is the digital or linear information of our chromosomes and genes, with the four-letter alphabet composed of G, C, A, and T (the bases Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, and Thymine). Variation in the order of these letters in the digital strings of our chromosomes or our expressed genes (or mRNAs) generates information of several distinct types: genes, regulatory machinery, and information that enables chromosomes to carry out their tasks as informational organelles (eg, centromeric and telomeric sequences).
Second, there is the three-dimensional information of proteins, the molecular machines of life. Proteins are strings of amino acids employing a 20-letter alphabet. Proteins pose four technical challenges: (i) Proteins are synthesized as linear strings and fold into precise three-dimensional structures as dictated by the order of amino acid residues in the string. Can we formulate the rules for protein folding to predict three-dimensional structure from primary amino acid sequence? The identification and comparative analysis of all human and model organism (bacteria, yeast, nematode, fly, mouse, etc.) genes and proteins will eventually lead to a lexicon of motifs that are the building block components of genes and proteins. These motifs will greatly constrain the shape space computational algorithms must search to successfully correlate primary amino acid sequence with the correct three-dimensional shapes. The protein-folding problem will probably be solved within the next 10 to 15 years. (ii) Can we predict protein function from knowledge of the three-dimensional structure? Once again the lexicon of motifs with their functional as well as structural correlations will play a critical role in solving this problem. (iii) How do the myriad of chemical modifications of proteins (eg, phosphorylation, acetylation) alter their structures and modify their functions? The mass spectrometer will play a key role in identifying secondary modifications. (iv) How do proteins interact with one another and/or with other macromolecules to form complex molecular machines (eg, the ribosomal sub-units)? If these functional complexes can be isolated, the mass spectrometer, coupled with a knowledge of all protein sequences that can be derived from the complete genomic sequence of the organism, will serve as a powerful tool for identifying all the components of complex molecular machines.
The third type of biological information arises from complex biological systems and networks. Systems information is four-dimensional because it varies with time. For example, the human brain has 1012 neurons making approximately 1015 connections. From this network arises systems properties such a memory, consciousness, and the ability to learn. The important point is that systems properties cannot be understood from studying the network elements (eg, neurons) one at a time; rather, the collective behavior of the elements needs to be studied together. To study most biological systems, three issues need to be stressed. First, most biological systems are too complex to study directly; therefore they must be divided into tractable subsystems whose properties in part reflect those of the system. These subsystems must be sufficiently small to analyze all their elements and connections. Second, high-throughput analytic or global tools are required for studying many systems elements at one time (see below). Finally, the systems information needs to be modeled mathematically before systems properties can be predicted and ultimately understood. This will require recruiting computer scientists and applied mathematics into biology—just as the attempts to decipher the information of complete genomes and the protein folding and structure/function problems have required the recruitment of computational scientists.
I would be remiss not to point out that there are many other molecules that generate biological information—amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, etc. These too must be studied in the context of their specific structures and specific functions.
The deciphering and manipulation of these various types of biological information represent an enormous technical challenge for biotechnology. Yet major new and powerful tools for doing so are emerging.
One class of tools for deciphering biological information is termed high-throughput analytic or global tools. These tools can study many genes or chromosome features (genomics), many proteins (proteomics), or many cells rapidly: large-scale DNA sequencing; genome-wide genetic mapping; cDNA or oligonucleotide arrays; two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and other global protein separation technologies; mass spectrometric analysis of proteins and protein fragments; multiparameter, high-throughput cell and chromosome sorting; and high-throughput phenotypic assays.
A second approach to the deciphering and manipulation of biological information centers around combinatorial strategies. The basic idea is to synthesize an informational string (DNA fragments, RNA fragments, protein fragments, antibody combining sites, etc.) using all combinations of the basic letters of the corresponding alphabet—thus creating many different shapes that can be used to activate, inhibit, or complement the biological functions of designated three-dimensional shapes (eg, a molecule in a signal transduction pathway). The power of combinational chemistry is just beginning to be appreciated.
A critical approach to deciphering biological information will ultimately be the ability to visualize the functioning of genes, proteins, cells, and other informational elements within living organisms (in vivo informational imaging).
Finally, there are the computational tools required to collect, store, analyze, model, and ultimately distribute the various types of biological information. The creation presents a challenge comparable to that of developing of new instrumentation and new chemistries. Once again, this means recruiting computer scientists and applied mathematicians to biology. The biggest challenge in this regard is the language barriers that separate different scientific disciplines. Teaching biology as an informational science has been a very effective means for breeching these language barriers.
The challenge is, of course, to decipher these various types of biological information and then be able to use this information to manipulate genes, proteins, cells, and informational pathways in living organisms to eliminate or prevent disease, produce higher yield crops, or increase the productivity of animal products and meat.
Biotechnology and its applications raise a host of social, ethical, and legal questions; for example, genetic privacy, germline genetic engineering, cloning animals, genes that influence behavior, cost of therapeutic drugs generated by biotechnology, animal rights, and the nature and control of intellectual property.
The challenge clearly is to educate society so that each citizen can thoughtfully and rationally deal with these issues, for ultimately society dictates the resources and regulations that circumscribe the development and practice of biotechnology. Ultimately, I feel enormous responsibility rests with scientists to inform and educate society about the challenges as well as the opportunities arising from biotechnology. These are critical issues for biotechnology that are developed in detail in the Encyclopedia of Ethical, Legal, and Policy Issues in Biotechnology.
The view that biotechnology is an informational science pervades virtually every aspect of this science—including discovery, reduction to practice, and societal concerns. These Encyclopedias of Biotechnology reinforce the emerging informational paradigm change that is powerfully positioning science as we move into the twenty-first century to more effectively decipher and manipulate for humankind's benefit the biological information of relevant living organisms.
LEROY HOOD
University of Washington