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Encyclopedia of Bioprocess Technology: Fermentation, Biocatalysis and Bioseparation (5-Volume Set)
Editors: Michael C. Flickinger and Stephen W. Drew
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ISBN: 0-471-13822-3 |
A
Activated Carbon, decoloration of pharmaceutical products
Adsorbents, inorganic
Adsorption, expanded bed
Adsorption, protein, batch
Adsorption, proteins with synthetic materials
Affinity Fusions, gene expression
Aldehyde Reductase
Algal Culture
Amino Acids, glutamate
Amino Acids, Production Processes
Aminohydrolases, for production of D-Amino acids
D-Aminopeptidase, Alkaline D-peptidase
D-Aminopeptidase, Alkaline D-peptidase
Ammonia Toxicity, animal cells
Anaerobes
Anaerobes, industrial uses
Animal Cells Used in Manufacturing
Antibody Purification
Apoptosis
Aspartame
Aspartic acid
Aspergillus
ASTM Standards for Biotechnology
Attachment Factors
B
Bacillus
Biocatalysis Databases
Bioenergetics of microbial growth
Biofilms, microbial
Biofilters
Bioreators, Air-Lift Reactors
Bioreactors, Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors
Bioreactors, fluidized-bed
Bioreactors, gas treatment
Bioreactors, photo
Bioreduction
Bioremediation
Biosorption, metals
Biotransformation, engineering aspects
C
Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle, Eukaryotes
Cell Disruption and Lysis
Cell immobilization
Cell Separation, centrifugation
Cell Separation, flocculation
Cell Separation, sedimentation
Centrifuges, animal cells
Cephalosporins
Chinese Hampster Ovary Cells, recombinant protein production
Cholesterol Oxidase
Chromatography, computer-aided design
Chromatography, hydrophobic interaction
Chromatography, ion exchange
Chromatography, radial flow
Chromotography, size exclusion
Citric Acid, processes
Cleaning, Cleaning Validation
Clostridia, solvent formation
Coagulation Factors, therapeutic
Cofactor Regeneration, Nicotinamide Coenzymes
Conductivity
Corrosion, microbial
Corynebacteria, Brevibacteria
Crystallization, bulk, macromolecules
Crystallization, proteins, kinetics
Culture Collections
Culture Media, animal cell, large scale production
Culture Preservation, bacteria, fungi, yeast, and cell lines
D
Denaturation, proteins, solvent mediated
Dextran, microbial production methods
dihydroxyphenylalanine (4), produced by microorganisms
Diltiazem Synthesis
Diltiazem Synthesis, Microbial Asymmetric Reduction
Dimensional Analysis, Scale Up
E
Economics
Electron Transport
Electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids
Electrophoresis, proteins, batch and continuous
Energy metabolism, microbial and animal cells
Enzymes, baking, bread making
Enzymes, Detergent
Enzymes, Directed Evolution
Enzymes, Extremely thermostable
Enzymes, for flavor production
Enzymes, Fruit Juice Processing
Enzymes, Immobilization methods
Enzymes, protein hydrolysis
Enzymes, Pulp and Paper Processing
Enzymes, Starch Conversion
Erythropoietin
Expression Systems, E. coli
Expression Systems, mammalian cells
F
Fermentation Monitoring, design and optimization
Fermenter Design
Filter Aides
Filtration, air
Filtration, cartridge
Flow Cytometry
Fluorescence Techniques for Bioprocess Monitoring
Food Process Engineering
Formulation and Delivery, protein pharmaceuticals
Freeze Drying, pharmaceuticals
G
B-Galactosidase, enzymology
Gas Hold-up
Gene Transfer, Gram positive bacteria
Genetic instability
Glucosidases
Glutamic Acid Producing Microorganisms
Glycolsylation of recombinant proteins
Glyoxylate Bypass, regulation
Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) and Good Industrial Large Scale Practice (GLSP)
H
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
Hemicellulases
Hemicellulose Conversion
Human and primate cell lines
Hybridoma, Antibody production
Hypoxia, effects on animal cells
I
Inoculum Preparation
Insect cell culture, protein expression
Insect cells and larvae, gene expression systems
Insectides, microbial production
Insulin, purification
L-isoleucine
K
Kinetics, enzymes
Kinetics, microbial growth
L
Laccase
Lactones, biocatalytic synthesis
Lactonohydrolase
M
Malate, D-Malate
Malic Acid, production by fumarase
Mammalian Cell Bioreactors
Mammalian Cell Culture Reactors, scale-up
Mass Transfer
Media Composition, microbial, laboratory scale
Media, animal cell culture
Medium Formulation and Design, E.coli and Bacillus spp.
Membrane Chromatography
Membrane Separations
Membrane Surface Liquid Culture, microorganisms, fungi
Metabolites, primary and secondary
Methanotrophs
Methylotrophs, industrial applications
Microalgae, mass culture methods
Microbial Growth Measurement, methods
Microcarrier culture
Microencapsulation
Microencapsulation
Mixed Culture
Monoacylglycerols
Mutagenesis
Myxobacteria
N
Nitrile Hydratase
O
Oils, microbal production
Opine dehydrogenase, secondary amine dicarboxylic acids
Optical Resolution, biocatalysis
Optical Sensors
Optically Active 1,2 Diols, microbial production by stereoinversion
Organic compounds, cellulose conversion
Organosilicon Compounds
Osmotic stress, Secretion rate
P
Pantothenic Acid and related compounds
Peptide
Phenylalanine
Pheylalanine Dehydrogenase
Phenylglycines, D-Phenylglycines
Pichia, optimization of protein expression
Pilot Plants, design and operation
Plasmid DNA Replication
Pluronic Polyols, cell protection
Poly (3-hydroxyalkanoates)
Polyhydroxyalkanoates, separation, purification, and manufacturing methods
Process Control, strategy and optimization
Process Monitoring
Process Validation
Production of L-Amino Acids by Aminoacylase
Production of L-Glutamic Acid
Professional Societies, Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities - Intro
Professional Societies, ABRF - History
Professional Societies, ABRF - Amino Acid Analysis
Professional Societies, ABRF - Protein Sequencing
Professional Societies, ABRF - Internal Protein Sequencing
Professional Societies, ABRF - Peptide Synthesis
Professional Societies, ABRF - Carbohydrate Analysis
Professional Societies, ABRF - Nucleic Acids
Professional Societies, ABRF - Mass Spectrometry
Professional Societies, ABRF - Surveys of Core Laboratories
Professional Societies, ABRF - Laboratory Quality and Compliance
Professional Societies, ABRF - Effective Use of Biomolecular Resource Facilities
Professional Societies, ABRF - Future of Core Labs
Professional Soceities, Society for Industrial Microbiology (SIM)
Professional Societies, The Protein Society
Protein Adsorption, Expanded Bed
Protein Aggregation, Denaturation
Protein Expression, soluble
Protein Glycosylation
Protein Purification, aqueous liquid extraction
Protein Secretion, Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
Protein Ultrafiltration
Proteolytic Cleavage, reaction mechanisms
Pseudomonas, process applications
Pullulan, microbial production methods
Pumps, industrial
Pyruvate, production using defective ATPase activity
R
Reverse Micelles, enzymes
Rheology of Filamentous Microorganisms, submerged culture
Roller Bottle Culture, mixing
S
Sampling Methods (reactors, contamination)
Scale-up, strirred tank reactors
Secondary Metabolite Production, Actinomycetes, Other than Streptomyces
Secondary Metabolites, antibiotics
Secretion from animal cells
Shear Sensitivity
Solid State Fermentation, microbal growth kinetics
Solid Substrate Fermentation, Automation
Solid Substrate Fermentations, enzyme production, food enrichment
Soybean (fermentation, meal oil)
Stainless Steels
Static Mixing, in fermentation process
Sterilization-In-Place
Suspension Culture, animal cells
T
Thermal unfolding, proteins
Thermolysin
Thermophilic Microorganisms
Transfer Phenomena in Multiphase Systems in Mixing Vessels
Transglutaminase
Transient Expression Systems
Transport, microbial solute uptake
Tyrosine phenol-lyase
V
Vaccine Technology
Vent Gas Analysis
Vinegar, acetic acid production
W
Waste Gas Treatment, microbial
Waste Treatment, activated sludge, control strategies
Waste Water Treatment, immobilized Cells
Wine Production
X
Xanthan Gum
Y
Yeast, baker's
The Wiley Biotechnology Encyclopedias, composed of the Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology; the Encyclopedia of Bioprocess Technology: Fermentation, Biocatalysis, and Bioseparation; the Encyclopedia of Cell Technology; and the Encyclopedia of Ethical, Legal, and Policy Issues in Biotechnology cover very broadly four major contemporary themes in biotechnology. The series comes at a fascinating time in that, as we move into the twenty-first century, the discipline of biotechnology is undergoing striking paradigm changes.
Biotechnology is now beginning to be viewed as an informational science. In a simplistic sense there are three types of biological information. First, there is the digital or linear information of our chromosomes and genes with the four-letter alphabet composed of G, C, A, and T (the bases guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine). Variation in the order of these letters in the digital strings of our chromosomes or our expressed genes (or mRNAs) generates information of several distinct types: genes, regulatory machinery, and information that enables chromosomes to carry out their tasks as informational organelles (e.g., centromeric and telomeric sequences).
Second, there is the three-dimensional information of proteins, the molecular machines of life. Proteins are strings of amino acids employing a 20-letter alphabet. Proteins pose four technical challenges: (1) Proteins are synthesized as linear strings and fold into precise three-dimensional structures as dictated by the order of amino acid residues in the string. Can we formulate the rules for protein folding to predict three-dimensional structure from primary amino acid sequence? The identification and comparative analysis of all human and model organism (bacteria, yeast, nematode, fly, mouse, etc.) genes and proteins will eventually lead to a lexicon of motifs that are the building block components of genes and proteins. These motifs will greatly constrain the shape space that computational algorithms must search to successfully correlate primary amino acid sequence with the correct three-dimensional shapes. The protein-folding problem will probably be solved within the next 10-15 years. (2) Can we predict protein function from knowledge of the three-dimensional structure? Once again the lexicon of motifs with their functional as well as structural correlations will play a critical role in solving this problem. (3) How do the myriad of chemical modifications of proteins (e.g., phosphorylation, acetylation, etc.) alter their structures and modify their functions? The mass spectrometer will play a key role in identifying secondary modifications. (4) How do proteins interact with one another and/or with other macromolecules to form complex molecular machines (e.g., the ribosomal subunits)? If these functional complexes can be isolated, the mass spectrometer, coupled with a knowledge of all protein sequences that can be derived from the complete genomic sequence of the organism, will serve as a powerful tool for identifying all the components of complex molecular machines.
The third type of biological information arises from complex biological systems and networks. Systems information is four dimensional because it varies with time. For example, the human brain has 1,012 neurons making approximately 1,015 connections. From this network arise systems properties such as memory, consciousness, and the ability to learn. The important point is that systems properties cannot be understood from studying the network elements (e.g., neurons) one at a time; rather the collective behavior of the elements needs to be studied. To study most biological systems, three issues need to be stressed. First, most biological systems are too complex to study directly, therefore they must be divided into tractable subsystems whose properties in part reflect those of the system. These subsystems must be sufficiently small to analyze all their elements and connections. Second, high-throughput analytic or global tools are required for studying many systems elements at one time (see later). Finally, the systems information needs to be modeled mathematically before systems properties can be predicted and ultimately understood. This will require recruiting computer scientists and applied mathematicians into biology--just as the attempts to decipher the information of complete genomes and the protein folding and structure/function problems have required the recruitment of computational scientists.
I would be remiss not to point out that there are many other molecules that generate biological information: amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and so forth. These too must be studied in the context of their specific structures and specific functions.
The deciphering and manipulation of these various types of biological information represent an enormous technical challenge for biotechnology. Yet major new and powerful tools for doing so are emerging.
One class of tools for deciphering biological information is termed high-throughput analytic or global tools. These tools can be used to study many genes or chromosome features (genomics), many proteins (proteomics), or many cells rapidly: large-scale DNA sequencing, genomewide genetic mapping, cDNA or oligonucleotide arrays, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and other global protein separation technologies, mass spectrometric analysis of proteins and protein fragments, multiparameter, high-throughput cell and chromosome sorting, and high-throughput phenotypic assays.
A second approach to the deciphering and manipulation of biological information centers around combinatorial strategies. The basic idea is to synthesize an informational string (DNA fragments, RNA fragments, protein fragments, antibody combining sites, etc.) using all combinations of the basic letters of the corresponding alphabet, thus creating many different shapes that can be used to activate, inhibit, or complement the biological functions of designated three-dimensional shapes (e.g., a molecule in a signal transduction pathway). The power of combinational chemistry is just beginning to be appreciated.
A critical approach to deciphering biological information will ultimately be the ability to visualize the functioning of genes, proteins, cells, and other informational elements within living organisms (in vivo informational imaging).
Finally, there are the computational tools required to collect, store, analyze, model, and ultimately distribute the various types of biological information. The creation presents a challenge comparable to that of developing new instrumentation and new chemistries. Once again this means recruiting computer scientists and applied mathematicians to biology. The biggest challenge in this regard is the language barriers that separate different scientific disciplines. Teaching biology as an informational science has been a very effective means for breeching these barriers.
The challenge is, of course, to decipher various types of biological information and then be able to use this information to manipulate genes, proteins, cells, and informational pathways in living organisms to eliminate or prevent disease, produce higher-yield crops, or increase the productivity of animals for meat and other foods.
Biotechnology and its applications raise a host of social, ethical, and legal questions, for example, genetic privacy, germline genetic engineering, cloning of animals, genes that influence behavior, cost of therapeutic drugs generated by biotechnology, animal rights, and the nature and control of intellectual property.
Clearly, the challenge is to educate society so that each citizen can thoughtfully and rationally deal with these issues, for ultimately society dictates the resources and regulations that circumscribe the development and practice of biotechnology. Ultimately, I feel enormous responsibility rests with scientists to inform and educate society about the challenges as well as the opportunities arising from biotechnology. These are critical issues for biotechnology that are developed in detail in the Encyclopedia of Ethical, Legal, and Policy Issues in Biotechnology.
The view that biotechnology is an informational science pervades virtually every aspect of this science, including discovery, reduction to practice, and societal concerns. These Encyclopedias of Biotechnology reinforce the emerging informational paradigm change that is powerfully positioning science as we move into the twenty-first century to more effectively decipher and manipulate for humankind's benefit the biological information of relevant living organisms.
Leroy Hood
University of Washington