Advanced Nanomaterials
Advanced Nanomaterials
ISBN: 978-3-527-62894-0
Jan 2010
954 pages
Description
In this first comprehensive compilation of review chapters on this hot topic, more than 30 experts from around the world provide in-depth chapters on their specific areas of expertise, covering such essential topics as:* Block Copolymer Systems, Nanofibers and Nanotubes
* Helical Polymer-Based Supramolecular Films
* Synthesis of Inorganic Nanotubes
* Gold Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes
* Recent Advances in Metal Nanoparticle-Attached Electrodes
* Oxidation Catalysis by Nanoscale Gold, Silver, and Copper
* Concepts in Self-Assembly
* Nanocomposites
* Amphiphilic Poly(Oxyalkylene)-Amines
* Mesoporous Alumina
* Nanoceramics for Medical Applications
* Ecological Toxicology of Engineered Carbon Nanoparticles
* Molecular Imprinting
* Near-Field Raman Imaging of Nanostructures and Devices
* Fullerene-Rich Nanostructures
* Interactions of Carbon Nanotubes with Biomolecules
* Nanoparticle-Cored Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers
* Nanostructured Organogels via Molecular Self-Assembly
* Structural DNA Nanotechnology
With its coverage of all such important areas as self-assembly, polymeric materials, bionanomaterials, nanotubes, photonic and environmental aspects, this is an essential reference for materials scientists, engineers, chemists, physicists and biologists wishing to gain an in-depth knowledge of all the disciplines involved.
Preface XV
List of Contributors XVII
Volume 1 1 Phase-Selective Chemistry in Block Copolymer Systems 1
Evan L. Schwartz and Christopher K. Ober
1.1 Block Copolymers as Useful Nanomaterials 1
1.1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.2 Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers 3
1.1.3 Triblock Copolymers 4
1.1.4 Rod–Coil Block Copolymers 7
1.1.5 Micelle Formation 8
1.1.6 Synthesis of Block Copolymers Using Living Polymerization Techniques 9
1.1.7 Post-Polymerization Modifi cations 14
1.2 Block Copolymers as Lithographic Materials 15
1.2.1 Introduction to Lithography 15
1.2.2 Block Copolymers as Nanolithographic Templates 17
1.2.3 Multilevel Resist Strategies Using Block Copolymers 29
1.3 Nanoporous Monoliths Using Block Copolymers 34
1.3.1 Structure Direction Using Block Copolymer Scaffolds 34
1.3.2 Nanopore Size Tunability 36
1.3.3 Functionalized Nanoporous Surfaces 38
1.4 Photo-Crosslinkable Nano-Objects 41
1.5 Block Copolymers as Nanoreactors 44
1.5.1 Polymer–Metal Solubility 44
1.5.2 Cluster Nucleation and Growth 46
1.5.3 Block Copolymer Micelle Nanolithography 47
1.6 Interface-Active Block Copolymers 48
1.6.1 Low-Energy Surfaces Using Fluorinated Block Copolymers 48
1.6.2 Patterning Surface Energies 49
1.6.3 Photoswitchable Surface Energies Using Block Copolymers Containing Azobenzene 51
1.6.4 Light-Active Azobenzene Block Copolymer Vesicles as Drug Delivery Devices 52
1.6.5 Azobenzene-Containing Block Copolymers as Holographic Materials 52
1.7 Summary and Outlook 54
References 60
2 Block Copolymer Nanofibers and Nanotubes 67
Guojun Liu
2.1 Introduction 67
2.2 Preparation 69
2.2.1 Nanofi ber Preparation 69
2.2.2 Nanotube Preparation 72
2.3 Solution Properties 74
2.4 Chemical Reactions 81
2.4.1 Backbone Modifi cation 81
2.4.2 End Functionalization 85
2.5 Concluding Remarks 87
Acknowledgements 88
References 88
3 Smart Nanoassemblies of Block Copolymers for Drug and Gene Delivery 91
Horacio Cabral and Kazunori Kataoka
3.1 Introduction 91
3.2 Smart Nanoassemblies for Drug and Gene Delivery 92
3.3 Endogenous Triggers 93
3.3.1 pH-Sensitive Nanoassemblies 93
3.3.2 Oxidation- and Reduction-Sensitive Polymeric Nanoassemblies 99
3.3.3 Other Endogenous Triggers 101
3.4 External Stimuli 102
3.4.1 Temperature 102
3.4.2 Light 105
3.4.3 Ultrasound 107
3.5 Future Perspectives 108
References 109
4 A Comprehensive Approach to the Alignment and Ordering of Block Copolymer Morphologies 111
Massimo Lazzari and Claudio De Rosa
4.1 Introduction 111
4.1.1 Motivation 111
4.1.2 Organization of the Chapter 112
4.2 How to Help Phase Separation 113
4.3 Orientation by External Fields 116
4.3.1 Mechanical Flow Fields 117
4.3.2 Electric and Magnetic Fields 118
4.3.3 Solvent Evaporation and Thermal Gradient 122
4.4 Templated Self-Assembly on Nanopatterned Surfaces 123
4.5 Epitaxy and Surface Interactions 126
4.5.1 Preferential Wetting and Homogeneous Surface Interactions 126
4.5.2 Epitaxy 128
4.5.3 Directional Crystallization 130
4.5.4 Graphoepitaxy and Other Confi ning Geometries 135
4.5.5 Combination of Directional Crystallization and Graphoepitaxy 138
4.5.6 Combination of Epitaxy and Directional Crystallization 140
4.6 Summary and Outlook 149
Acknowledgments 150
References 150
5 Helical Polymer-Based Supramolecular Films 159
Akihiro Ohira, Michiya Fujiki, and Masashi Kunitake
5.1 Introduction 159
5.2 Helical Polymer-Based 1-D and 2-D Architectures 161
5.2.1 Formation of Various 1-D Architectures of Helical Polysilanes on Surfaces 162
5.2.2 Formation of Mesoscopic 2-D Hierarchical Superhelical Assemblies 167
5.2.3 Formation of 2-D Crystallization of Poly(¶-L-Glutamates) on Surfaces 172
5.2.4 Summary of Helical Polymer-Based 1-D and 2-D Architectures 176
5.3 Helical Polymer-Based Functional Films 177
5.3.1 Chiroptical Memory and Switch in Helical Polysilane Films 178
5.3.2 Chiroptical Transfer and Amplifi cation in Binary Helical Polysilane Films 185
5.3.3 Summary of Helical Polymer-Based Functional Films 188
Acknowledgments 189
References 190
6 Synthesis of Inorganic Nanotubes 195
C.N.R. Rao and Achutharao Govindaraj
6.1 Introduction 195
6.2 General Synthetic Strategies 196
6.3 Nanotubes of Metals and other Elemental Materials 196
6.4 Metal Chalcogenide Nanotubes 206
6.5 Metal Oxide Nanotubes 214
6.5.1 SiO2 Nanotubes 214
6.5.2 TiO2 Nanotubes 216
6.5.3 ZnO, CdO, and Al2O3 Nanotubes 221
6.5.4 Nanotubes of Vanadium and Niobium Oxides 225
6.5.5 Nanotubes of other Transition Metal Oxides 228
6.5.6 Nanotubes of other Binary Oxides 230
6.5.7 Nanotubes of Titanates and other Complex Oxides 233
6.6 Pnictide Nanotubes 235
6.7 Nanotubes of Carbides and other Materials 240
6.8 Complex Inorganic Nanostructures Based on Nanotubes 240
6.9 Outlook 241
Referecnes 241
7 Gold Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes: Precursors for Novel Composite Materials 249
Thathan Premkumar and Kurt E. Geckeler
7.1 Introduction 249
7.2 Gold Nanoparticles 249
7.3 Carbon Nanotubes 251
7.4 CNT–Metal Nanoparticle Composites 254
7.5 CNT–AuNP Composites 255
7.5.1 Filling of CNTs with AuNPs 255
7.5.2 Deposition of AuNPs Directly on the CNT Surface 256
7.5.3 Interaction Between Modifi ed AuNPs and CNTs 267
7.6 Applications 288
7.7 Merits and Demerits of Synthetic Approaches 289
7.8 Conclusions 291
Acknowledgments 292
References 292
8 Recent Advances in Metal Nanoparticle-Attached Electrodes 297
Munetaka Oyama, Akrajas Ali Umar, and Jingdong Zhang
8.1 Introduction 297
8.2 Seed-Mediated Growth Method for the Attachment and Growth of AuNPs on ITO 298
8.3 Electrochemical Applications of AuNP-Attached ITO 300
8.4 Improved Methods for Attachment and Growth of AuNPs on ITO 302
8.5 Attachment and Growth of AuNPs on Other Substrates 306
8.6 Attachment and Growth of Au Nanoplates on ITO 308
8.7 Attachment and Growth of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) on ITO 309
8.8 Attachment and Growth of Palladium Nanoparticles PdNPs on ITO 311
8.9 Attachment of Platinum Nanoparticles PtNPs on ITO and GC 312
8.10 Electrochemical Measurements of Biomolecules Using AuNP/ ITO Electrodes 315
8.11 Nonlinear Optical Properties of Metal NP-Attached ITO 315
8.12 Concluding Remarks 316
References 316
9 Mesoscale Radical Polymers: Bottom-Up Fabrication of Electrodes in Organic Polymer Batteries 319
Kenichi Oyaizu and Hiroyuki Nishide
9.1 Mesostructured Materials for Energy Storage Devices 319
9.2 Mesoscale Fabrication of Inorganic Electrode-Active Materials 322
9.3 Bottom-Up Strategy for Organic Electrode Fabrication 323
9.3.1 Conjugated Polymers for Electrode-Active Materials 323
9.3.2 Mesoscale Organic Radical Polymer Electrodes 324
9.4 Conclusions 330
References 330
10 Oxidation Catalysis by Nanoscale Gold, Silver, and Copper 333
Zhi Li, Soorly G. Divakara, and Ryan M. Richards
10.1 Introduction 333
10.2 Preparations 334
10.2.1 Silver Nanocatalysts 335
10.2.2 Copper Nanocatalysts 335
10.2.3 Gold Nanocatalysts 335
10.3 Selective Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide (CO) 337
10.3.1 Gold Catalysts 337
10.3.2 Silver Catalysts 342
10.3.3 Gold–Silver Alloy Catalysts 342
10.3.4 Copper Catalysts 343
10.4 Epoxidation Reactions 344
10.4.1 Gold Catalysts 344
10.4.2 Silver Catalysts 346
10.5 Selective Oxidation of Hydrocarbons 347
10.5.1 Gold Catalysts 349
10.5.2 Silver Catalysts 350
10.5.3 Copper Catalysts 350
10.6 Oxidation of Alcohols and Aldehydes 350
10.6.1 Gold Catalysts 351
10.6.2 Silver Catalysts 351
10.7 Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide 353
10.8 Conclusions 354
References 355
11 Self-Assembling Nanoclusters Based on Tetrahalometallate Anions: Electronic and Mechanical Behavior 365
Ishenkumba A. Kahwa
11.1 Introduction 365
11.2 Preparation of Key Compounds 366
11.3 Structure of the [(A(18C6))4(MX4)] [BX4]2 · nH2O Complexes 367
11.4 Structure of the [(Na(15C5))4Br] [TlBr4]3 Complex 368
11.5 Spectroscopy of the Cubic F23 [(A(18C6))4(MX4)] [BX4]2 · nH2O 368
11.6 Unusual Luminescence Spectroscopy of Some Cubic [(A(18C6))4(MnX4)] [TlCl4]2 · nH2O Compounds 372
11.7 Luminescence Decay Dynamics and 18C6 Rotations 374
11.8 Conclusions 375
Acknowledgments 377
References 377
12 Optically Responsive Polymer Nanocomposites Containing Organic Functional Chromophores and Metal Nanostructures 379
Andrea Pucci, Giacomo Ruggeri, and Francesco Ciardelli
12.1 Introduction 379
12.2 Organic Chromophores as the Dispersed Phase 380
12.2.1 Nature of the Organic Dye 380
12.2.2 Polymeric Indicators to Mechanical Stress 381
12.3 Metal Nanostructures as the Dispersed Phase 389
12.3.1 Optical Properties of Metal Nanoassemblies 389
12.3.2 Nanocomposite-Based Indicators to Mechanical Stress 391
12.4 Conclusions 397
Acknowledgments 398
References 398
13 Nanocomposites Based on Phyllosilicates: From Petrochemicals to Renewable Thermoplastic Matrices 403
Maria-Beatrice Coltelli, Serena Coiai, Simona Bronco, and Elisa Passaglia
13.1 Introduction 403
13.1.1 Structure of Phyllosilicates 404
13.1.2 Morphology of Composites 408
13.1.3 Properties of Composites 411
13.2 Polyolefi n-Based Nanocomposites 411
13.2.1 Overview of the Preparation Methods 412
13.2.2 Organophilic Clay and Compatibilizer: Interactions with the Polyolefi n Matrix 414
13.2.3 The One-Step Process 426
13.3 Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)-Based Nanocomposites 429
13.3.1 In Situ Polymerization 430
13.3.2 Intercalation in Solution 433
13.3.3 Intercalation in the Melt 434
13.4 Poly(Lactide) (PLA)-Based Nanocomposites 439
13.4.1 Overview of Preparation Methods 439
13.5 Conclusions 447
Acknowledgments 449
References 450
Volume 2 14 Amphiphilic Poly(Oxyalkylene)-Amines Interacting with Layered Clays: Intercalation, Exfoliation, and New Applications 459
Jiang-Jen Lin, Ying-Nan Chan, and Wen-Hsin Chang
15 Mesoporous Alumina: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalysis 481
Tsunetake Seki and Makoto Onaka
16 Nanoceramics for Medical Applications 523
Besim Ben-Nissan and Andy H. Choi
17 Self-healing of Surface Cracks in Structural Ceramics 555
Wataru Nakao, Koji Takahashi, and Kotoji Ando
18 Ecological Toxicology of Engineered Carbon Nanoparticles 595
Aaron P. Roberts and Ryan R. Otter
19 Carbon Nanotubes as Adsorbents for the Removal of Surface Water Contaminants 615
Jose E. Herrera and Jing Cheng
20 Molecular Imprinting with Nanomaterials 651
Kevin Flavin and Marina Resmini
21 Near-Field Raman Imaging of Nanostructures and Devices 677
Ze Xiang Shen, Johnson Kasim, and Ting Yu
22 Fullerene-Rich Nanostructures 699
Fernando Langa and Jean-François Nierengarten
23 Interactions of Carbon Nanotubes with Biomolecules: Advances and Challenges 715
Dhriti Nepal and Kurt E. Geckeler
24 Nanoparticle-Cored Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications 743
Young-Seok Shon
25 Concepts in Self-Assembly 767
Jeremy J. Ramsden
26 Nanostructured Organogels via Molecular Self-Assembly 791
Arjun S. Krishnan, Kristen E. Roskov, and Richard J. Spontak
27 Self-assembly of Linear Polypeptide-based Block Copolymers 835
Sébastien Lecommandoux, Harm-Anton Klok, and Helmut Schlaad
28 Structural DNA Nanotechnology: Information-Guided Self-Assembly 869
Yonggang Ke, Yan Liu, and Hao Yan
Index 881
"The editors have come close to achieving their rather ambitious goals. The monograph serves as an excellent snapshot of a nascent discipline that is in the process of learning to define itself." (JACS, 2010)