Table of contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xii
List of Contributors xiii
In Memoriam xiv
1 Introduction to E3 Models and Techniques in Aerospace Systems 1
Ira Kohlberg
1.1 Introduction and Topics of Interest 1
1.2 Autonomous Systems 8
1.3 Coupled Air and Space Survivable Systems 30
1.4 EMC Considerations of Chaos 41
1.5 EMC Effects on and Technology for Aerospace Systems 52
References 73
2 Deterministic and Statistical EMC Models for Field-to-Wire Coupling and Crosstalk in Wire Harness 79
Sergio Pignari
2.1 Introduction 79
2.2 DeterministicModeling 79
2.3 StatisticalModeling 99
References 115
3 HEMP Protection and Verification 121
William D. Prather
3.1 Introduction 121
3.2 High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse 122
3.3 HEMP Coupling to Aircraft 129
3.4 Shielding and Shielding Topology 133
3.5 EM Protection Technology 135
3.6 System-Level Specifications and Measurements 137
3.7 Hardening Component Specifications and Measurements 169
3.8 Hardness Maintenance/Hardness Surveillance 180
3.9 Conclusion 182
References 183
4 HIRF and Lightning Effects and Testing 187
Martin Gabrisak
4.1 Introduction 187
4.2 Coupling Analysis 190
4.3 HIRF Electromagnetic Environment and Its Effects 249
4.4 Electromagnetic Effects of Lightning 280
4.5 Precipitation Static (P-Static) 321
4.6 Lightning Effects and Protection in Aerospace 330
References 340
5 Techniques to Design Robust Lightning Protection Circuits for Avionics Equipment 347
Dr. ClayMcCreary
5.1 Introduction 347
5.2 Clean Sheet Design 347
5.3 Evaluating and Hardening Existing Protection 368
5.4 Design Examples 372
5.5 Conclusion 378
References 378
6 Pyrotechnic Systems in Aerospace Applications 381
Karen Burnham
6.1 Introduction 381
6.2 Component-Level Concerns 383
6.3 Vehicle-Level Concerns 390
6.4 Conclusion 404
References 404
7 Assembly-Level EMC Testing of Space Components/Subsystems 407
Leslie R.Warboys
7.1 Preliminary Steps 407
7.2 Basic Testing Concepts 408
7.3 Commonly Performed Tests 409
7.4 Test Plan 410
7.5 Testing Sequence 414
References 444
8 System-Level Testing of Spacecraft 445
JohannesWolf
8.1 Classification of System-Level Testing 445
8.2 System-Level Requirements Definition 452
8.3 Test Execution at the System Level 461
References 479
9 Subsystem EMC for Aircraft 483
Paul Kay
9.1 Introduction: The Aim of Subsystem-Level Testing 483
9.2 Motivations for Testing: Safety of Flight and Success of Mission 486
9.3 Emissions Tests 492
9.4 Immunity Tests 511
9.5 Test Plans for Avionics Subsystems 524
Further Reading 535
10 EMI Effects in Flight Control Systems and Their Mitigations 537
IrfanMajid
10.1 Introduction 538
10.2 Nature of EMI Experienced by Aerospace Vehicles 540
10.3 Reported Catastrophic EMI Occurrences in FCS 545
10.4 Anatomy of FBWFCS 548
10.5 Flight Management System 554
10.6 EMC Test Standards 556
10.7 EMC Test Methodologies of FCS 566
10.8 How EMI Couples to FCS 580
10.9 Modeling and Simulation 586
10.10 FCS of UAVs 590
10.11 Some Special Considerations for EMI Mitigation 593
References 598
11 EMC Considerations for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 603
Paul Kay
11.1 Introduction 603
11.2 Small UAVs 605
11.3 Payloads 610
11.4 Small UAV Navigation and Control Systems 616
11.5 Electromagnetic Environment for Small UAVs 617
12 DC Magnetic Cleanliness Description for Spaceflight Programs 621
Pablo S. Narvaez
12.1 Magnetic Cleanliness Introduction 621
12.2 Magnetic Cleanliness and Control Philosophy 622
12.3 Magnetics Cleanliness Program Description 623
12.4 Early Magnetic Cleanliness Involvement 626
12.5 Design Requirements and Practices 629
12.6 Magnetic Assessment and Control 632
12.7 Magnetic Control Design Practices 639
12.8 Test FacilitiesMeasurement and Methods 653
12.9 Analytical Determination of Magnetic Fields 671
13 Spacecraft Charging 673
Robert C. Scully
13.1 Introduction 673
13.2 Historical Background 676
13.3 General Description of the Near-Earth Electromagnetic Environment 677
13.4 Introduction to Spacecraft Charging 689
13.5 Types of Spacecraft Charging 695
13.6 Potential Damage 697
13.7 Ways and Means of Protection/Mitigation 699
13.8 Concluding Material 701
References 701
Bibliography 703
14 Analysis and Simulations of Space Radiation-Induced Single-Event Effects and Transients 705
Reinaldo J. Perez
14.1 Introduction 705
14.2 The Space Radiation Environment 706
14.3 Single-Event Effects 706
14.4 Single-Event Transient 708
14.5 Generation and Modeling a SET 710
14.6 Use of Upset Rates for Analyzing Vulnerabilities of Designs to SEE 713
14.7 Circuit Modeling of SETs 716
14.8 SETs in Digital Devices 718
14.9 SET-Induced Clock Jitter and False Clock Pulse 722
14.10 Designing Digital Circuits for SET Survivability 723
14.11 Crosstalk Noise from SET Events and Delay Effects 726
14.12 SET in Voltage Regulators 729
14.13 SET Propagation through Multiple Circuits 731
14.14 SET Hardening of Interconnects 733
14.15 Modeling Subsystem- and System-Level Effects from SET 733
14.16 Analyses and Protection for SET for Electronic Devices 737
14.17 SEE Testing of Spacecraft Hardware Electronics 741
14.18 Conclusions 743
References 744
Index 749